D351 EXAMINATION QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED
ANSWERS
Absenteeism - The failure of an employee to report to the workplace as scheduled
Accountability - The personal duty to someone else (a higher-level manager or the
organization itself) for the effective use of resources to complete an assignment
Active listening - The intention and ability to listen to others, use the content and
context of the communication, and respond appropriately
Adverse employment action - Any action, such as firings, demotions, schedule
reductions, or changes, that would harm the individual employee
Affirmative action - A series of policies, programs, and initiatives that have been
instituted by various entities within both government and the private sector that are designed
to prefer hiring of individuals from protected groups in certain circumstances in an attempt to
mitigate past discrimination
Arbitrator - A neutral third party who resolves a conflict by making a binding decision
Assessment center - A place where job applicants undergo a series of tests, interviews,
and simulated experiences to determine their potential for a particular job
Authority - The right to give orders, enforce obedience, make decisions, and commit
resources toward completing organizational goals
Behaviorally anchored rating scale (BARS) form - A performance appraisal that provides
a description of each assessment along a continuum
Behaviors - The actions taken by an individual
Bias - A personality-based tendency, either toward or against something
Biological job design - Designing jobs by focusing on minimizing the physical strain on
the worker by structuring the physical work environment around the way the body works
Bona fide occupational qualification (BFOQ) - A qualification that is absolutely required
in order for an individual to be able to successfully do a particular job
Bonus - A lump sum payment, typically given to an individual at the end of a time
period
,Broadbanding - Combining multiple pay levels into one
Burnout - Constant lack of interest and motivation to perform one's job
Business necessity - When a particular practice is necessary for the safe and efficient
operation of the business and when there is a specific business purpose for applying a
particular standard that may, in fact, be discriminatory
Business skills - The analytical and quantitative skills—including in-depth knowledge of
how the business works and its budgeting and strategic-planning processes—that are
necessary for a manager to understand and contribute to the profitability of the organization
Career - The individually perceived sequence of attitudes and behaviors associated
with work-related experiences and activities over the span of a person's life
Career plateau - When an individual feels unchallenged in their current job and has
little or no chance of advancement
Centralization - Degree to which decision making is concentrated within the
organization
Coaching - The process of giving motivational feedback to maintain and improve
performance
COBRA - A law that requires employers to offer to maintain health insurance on
individuals who leave their employment (for a period of time)
Cognitive ability test - An assessment of general intelligence or of some type of
aptitude for a particular job
Cohesiveness - An intent and desire for group members to stick together in their
actions
Collective bargaining - The negotiation process resulting in a contract between union
employees and management that covers employment conditions
Commission - A payment typically provided to a salesperson for selling an item to a
customer
Communication - The process of transmitting information and meaning
Compensation - The total of an employee's pay and benefits
Compensation system - Anything that an employee may value and desire and that the
employer is willing and able to offer in exchange
, Compensatory damages - Monetary damages awarded by the court that compensate
the injured person for losses
Compensatory selection model - Model allowing an individual to do poorly on one test
but make up for that poor grade by doing exceptionally well on other tests
Competency model - Model identifying the knowledge, skills, and abilities (KSAs)
needed to perform a particular job in the organization
Complexity - Degree to which three types of differentiation exist within the
organization
Conceptual and design skills - The ability to evaluate a situation, identify alternatives,
select a reasonable alternative, and make a decision to implement a solution to a problem
Conflict - The act of being opposed to another
Construct validity - An assessment that measures a theoretical concept or trait that is
not directly observable
Constructive discharge - When an employee is put under such extreme pressure by
management that continued employment becomes intolerable and, as a result, the employee
quits, or resigns from the organization
Content validity - An assessment of whether a test measures knowledge or
understanding of the items it is supposed to measure
Corporate social responsibility - The concept that organizations have a duty to all
societal stakeholders to operate in a manner that takes each of their needs into account
Cost center - A division or department that brings in no revenue or profit for the
organization—running this function only costs the organization money
Creativity - A basic ability to think in unique and different ways and apply those
thought processes to existing problems
Criterion-related validity - An assessment of the ability of a test to measure some other
factor related to the test
Critical-incidents method - A performance appraisal method in which a manager keeps
a written record of the positive and negative performance of employees throughout the
performance period
Cybersecurity - The use of tools and processes to protect organizational computer
systems and networks
ANSWERS
Absenteeism - The failure of an employee to report to the workplace as scheduled
Accountability - The personal duty to someone else (a higher-level manager or the
organization itself) for the effective use of resources to complete an assignment
Active listening - The intention and ability to listen to others, use the content and
context of the communication, and respond appropriately
Adverse employment action - Any action, such as firings, demotions, schedule
reductions, or changes, that would harm the individual employee
Affirmative action - A series of policies, programs, and initiatives that have been
instituted by various entities within both government and the private sector that are designed
to prefer hiring of individuals from protected groups in certain circumstances in an attempt to
mitigate past discrimination
Arbitrator - A neutral third party who resolves a conflict by making a binding decision
Assessment center - A place where job applicants undergo a series of tests, interviews,
and simulated experiences to determine their potential for a particular job
Authority - The right to give orders, enforce obedience, make decisions, and commit
resources toward completing organizational goals
Behaviorally anchored rating scale (BARS) form - A performance appraisal that provides
a description of each assessment along a continuum
Behaviors - The actions taken by an individual
Bias - A personality-based tendency, either toward or against something
Biological job design - Designing jobs by focusing on minimizing the physical strain on
the worker by structuring the physical work environment around the way the body works
Bona fide occupational qualification (BFOQ) - A qualification that is absolutely required
in order for an individual to be able to successfully do a particular job
Bonus - A lump sum payment, typically given to an individual at the end of a time
period
,Broadbanding - Combining multiple pay levels into one
Burnout - Constant lack of interest and motivation to perform one's job
Business necessity - When a particular practice is necessary for the safe and efficient
operation of the business and when there is a specific business purpose for applying a
particular standard that may, in fact, be discriminatory
Business skills - The analytical and quantitative skills—including in-depth knowledge of
how the business works and its budgeting and strategic-planning processes—that are
necessary for a manager to understand and contribute to the profitability of the organization
Career - The individually perceived sequence of attitudes and behaviors associated
with work-related experiences and activities over the span of a person's life
Career plateau - When an individual feels unchallenged in their current job and has
little or no chance of advancement
Centralization - Degree to which decision making is concentrated within the
organization
Coaching - The process of giving motivational feedback to maintain and improve
performance
COBRA - A law that requires employers to offer to maintain health insurance on
individuals who leave their employment (for a period of time)
Cognitive ability test - An assessment of general intelligence or of some type of
aptitude for a particular job
Cohesiveness - An intent and desire for group members to stick together in their
actions
Collective bargaining - The negotiation process resulting in a contract between union
employees and management that covers employment conditions
Commission - A payment typically provided to a salesperson for selling an item to a
customer
Communication - The process of transmitting information and meaning
Compensation - The total of an employee's pay and benefits
Compensation system - Anything that an employee may value and desire and that the
employer is willing and able to offer in exchange
, Compensatory damages - Monetary damages awarded by the court that compensate
the injured person for losses
Compensatory selection model - Model allowing an individual to do poorly on one test
but make up for that poor grade by doing exceptionally well on other tests
Competency model - Model identifying the knowledge, skills, and abilities (KSAs)
needed to perform a particular job in the organization
Complexity - Degree to which three types of differentiation exist within the
organization
Conceptual and design skills - The ability to evaluate a situation, identify alternatives,
select a reasonable alternative, and make a decision to implement a solution to a problem
Conflict - The act of being opposed to another
Construct validity - An assessment that measures a theoretical concept or trait that is
not directly observable
Constructive discharge - When an employee is put under such extreme pressure by
management that continued employment becomes intolerable and, as a result, the employee
quits, or resigns from the organization
Content validity - An assessment of whether a test measures knowledge or
understanding of the items it is supposed to measure
Corporate social responsibility - The concept that organizations have a duty to all
societal stakeholders to operate in a manner that takes each of their needs into account
Cost center - A division or department that brings in no revenue or profit for the
organization—running this function only costs the organization money
Creativity - A basic ability to think in unique and different ways and apply those
thought processes to existing problems
Criterion-related validity - An assessment of the ability of a test to measure some other
factor related to the test
Critical-incidents method - A performance appraisal method in which a manager keeps
a written record of the positive and negative performance of employees throughout the
performance period
Cybersecurity - The use of tools and processes to protect organizational computer
systems and networks
