HESI EXIT PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM NEWEST 2024
2025 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
Inflammation - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Vasodilation (Drop in BP)
Increased Vascular permeability & leaky capillaries
WBC adhesion & diapedesis
Signs of Inflammation - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Redness
Heat
Swelling
Pain
Interleukins - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Produced by macrophages & lymphocytes
Enhances the adaptive immune response
Interferons - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Proteins that primarily protect against viral
infection and modulate inflammation (does not kill viruses, protects cells from being infected)
TNF-alpha effects - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Fever
Increases proinflammatory proteins by the liver
Cachexia (muscle wasting)
Shock with gram (-) bacteria
Systemic Signs of inflammation - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Fever
Leukocytosis
Plasma protein synthesis
Chronic Inflammation - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Increased lymphocyte and macrophage
Lasts longer than 2 weeks
,Presence of giant cells
Regeneration - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅complete return to normal structure and function
Resolution - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅returns injured tissues to an approximation of their
original structure
Repair - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅replacement of destroyed tissue with scar tissue, not as
strong as original tissue
Dehiscence - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅when an approximated wound pulls apart at the
suture line
Primary Intention (1st intention) - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Wound edges are
approximated until healing occurs
Secondary Intention - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Occurs when wounds that have tissue loss
and require gradual filling in of dead space with connective tissue. Wounds left open
Third (tertiary) - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Wounds left open intentionally to remove
debris and then approximated
Contracture - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Proper Positioning and Range of Motion exercises
to prevent. Burn wounds especially susceptible.
Antigens vs Immunogens - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Antigens: react with antibodies or
antigen receptors
Immunogens: produce immune response and antibodies
IgG - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Most abundant
, Protective against infection
IgA - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Found predominantly in blood
Found in normal body secretions, mucus membranes
IgM - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅First antibody produced during initial or primary
response
IgE - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Common in allergic responses
Defense against parasites
Anaphylaxis - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Pruritus
Erythema
Headaches
Vomiting
Abdominal Cramps
Diarrhea
Bronchoconstriction
Type I: Immediate Anaphylactic - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅*ex:* Anaphylaxis; Atopic
Diseases; Skin Reactions; Food allergies
*P:* Histamine and leukotriene production
*C:* IgE
Type II: Cytolytic, Cytotoxic - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅*ex:* ABO incompatibility;
Drug-induced hemolytic anemia
*P:* Cell lysis d/t complement fixation
*C:* IgG; IgM; Complement
2025 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
Inflammation - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Vasodilation (Drop in BP)
Increased Vascular permeability & leaky capillaries
WBC adhesion & diapedesis
Signs of Inflammation - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Redness
Heat
Swelling
Pain
Interleukins - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Produced by macrophages & lymphocytes
Enhances the adaptive immune response
Interferons - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Proteins that primarily protect against viral
infection and modulate inflammation (does not kill viruses, protects cells from being infected)
TNF-alpha effects - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Fever
Increases proinflammatory proteins by the liver
Cachexia (muscle wasting)
Shock with gram (-) bacteria
Systemic Signs of inflammation - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Fever
Leukocytosis
Plasma protein synthesis
Chronic Inflammation - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Increased lymphocyte and macrophage
Lasts longer than 2 weeks
,Presence of giant cells
Regeneration - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅complete return to normal structure and function
Resolution - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅returns injured tissues to an approximation of their
original structure
Repair - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅replacement of destroyed tissue with scar tissue, not as
strong as original tissue
Dehiscence - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅when an approximated wound pulls apart at the
suture line
Primary Intention (1st intention) - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Wound edges are
approximated until healing occurs
Secondary Intention - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Occurs when wounds that have tissue loss
and require gradual filling in of dead space with connective tissue. Wounds left open
Third (tertiary) - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Wounds left open intentionally to remove
debris and then approximated
Contracture - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Proper Positioning and Range of Motion exercises
to prevent. Burn wounds especially susceptible.
Antigens vs Immunogens - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Antigens: react with antibodies or
antigen receptors
Immunogens: produce immune response and antibodies
IgG - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Most abundant
, Protective against infection
IgA - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Found predominantly in blood
Found in normal body secretions, mucus membranes
IgM - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅First antibody produced during initial or primary
response
IgE - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Common in allergic responses
Defense against parasites
Anaphylaxis - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Pruritus
Erythema
Headaches
Vomiting
Abdominal Cramps
Diarrhea
Bronchoconstriction
Type I: Immediate Anaphylactic - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅*ex:* Anaphylaxis; Atopic
Diseases; Skin Reactions; Food allergies
*P:* Histamine and leukotriene production
*C:* IgE
Type II: Cytolytic, Cytotoxic - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅*ex:* ABO incompatibility;
Drug-induced hemolytic anemia
*P:* Cell lysis d/t complement fixation
*C:* IgG; IgM; Complement
