NUR 2063 Essential of Pathophysiology Exam Questions with 100% Correct Answers

NUR 2063 Essential of Pathophysiology Exam Questions with 100% Correct Answers Which patient population would be most at risk for opportunistic infection? - Answer-Immunocompromised patients are at high risk for opportunistic infections. Traditionally, there are infections that arise from endogenous reactivation of latent infections, and nosocomial transmission. Therefore, it is deemed likely that special infection control (IC) interventions are required to prevent transmission in healthcare settings. What immunoglobulin is associated with Type I hypersensitivity and action, examples? - Answer-Type I hypersensitivity is also known as an immediate reaction and involves immunoglobulin E (IgE) mediated release of antibodies against the soluble antigen. This activity reviews the evaluation and management of type I hypersensitivity and reviews the role of the interprofessional teams in managing patients with this condition. What immunoglobulin is associated with Type II hypersensitivity and action, examples? - Answer-Ige, IgM, Blood type responses, 5-8 HOURS What immunoglobulin is associated with Type III hypersensitivity and action, examples? - Answer-IgG, autoimmune disorders 2-8 HOURS. Type III hypersensitivity is also known as immune complex reactions and involves IgG , IgM , and sometimes IgA antibodies. The build-up of these immune complexes results in complement system activation, which leads to polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) chemotaxis and eventually causing tissue damage. What immunoglobulin is associated with Type IV hypersensitivity and action, examples? - Answer-celular, contact dermatitis, chrons disease 1-3 DAYS. A Type IV hypersensitivity reaction is mediated by T cells that provoke an inflammatory reaction against exogenous or endogenous antigens. In certain situations, other cells, such as monocytes, eosinophils, and neutrophils, can be involved. After antigen exposure, an initial local immune and inflammatory response occurs that attracts leukocytes. The antigen engulfed by the macrophages and monocytes is presented to T cells, which then becomes sensitized and activated. These cells then release cytokines and chemokines, which can cause tissue damage and may result in illnesses. Examples of illnesses resulting from type IV hypersensitivity reactions include contact dermatitis and drug hypersensitivity. Type IV reactions are further subdivided into type IVa, IVb, IVc, and IVd based on the type of T cell (CD4 T-helper type 1 and type 2 cells) involved and the cytokines/chemokines produced. What immunoglobulin is associated with Delayed hypersensitivity and action, examples? - Answer-delayed hypersensitivity reaction (DHR), which takes more than 12 hours to develop. Typically the maximal reaction time occurs between 48 to 72 hours. Antibodies do not mediate DHR; it is mediated by T cells that cause an inflammatory reaction to either exogenous or autoantigens. This HR to exogenous antigens involves T cells and also antigen-presenting cells (APC) such as macrophages and dendritic cells, all produce cytokines that stimulate a local inflammatory response in a sensitized individual. The DHR to autoantigens can be seen in type 1 diabetes mellitus, which is an autoimmune disease that results from autoimmune cell-mediated destruction of insulin-secreting pancreatic beta cells. DHR cannot be transferred from an animal to another by means of antibodies or serum. However, it can be transferred by T cells, particularly CD4 Th1 cells, but it is progressively lost in individuals with HIV/AIDS. Antigen-presenting cells (APC) such as Langerhans cells engulf process and present antigens to antigen-specific T cells that become sensitized. Cytokines produced by keratinocytes, APC, and T cells recruit antigen-nonspecific T cells and macrophages to participate in a local inflammatory reaction. The activity describes the interprofessional evaluation and management of patients with delayed hypersensitivity reactions. What lab tests measure inflammation? - Answer-C-reactive protein (CRP), Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), plasma viscosity (PV) blood tests are commonly used to detect increase in protein in the blood. In this way they are used as markers of inflammation. the complications of stress - Answer-casues: hypertension tension headaches insomnia diabetes mellitus infection heart failure peptic ulcer fatigue induces pre-existing diseases: asthma angina GI issues seizures herpes acne rheumatoid arthritis Examples of body's adaptive immune response - Answer-Vertebrates, too, depend on such innate immune responses as a first line of defense (discussed in Chapter 25), but they can also mount much more sophisticated defenses, called adaptive immune responses. Examples of passive immunity - Answer-(IgA in breast milk, maternal IgG crossing placenta, antitoxin, humanized monoclonal antibody) n passive immunity, antibodies are not produced by the organism's own immune system. There are two ways an organism may receive antibodies. A newborn baby may receive antibodies from the mother through the placenta or breast milk. An organism may get passive immunity artificially by receiving immunoglobulin. This is not the same as a vaccination. An immunoglobin is a substance made from human blood plasma. Plasma is the portion of the blood that contains antibodies. The blood plasma is purified so it does not pass on the infection. When an organism receives antibodies through immunoglobulin therapy, the organism can then use those antibodies to fight the invading pathogen. Ebola has recently been treated using passive immunity.