MSN 570 Advanced Pathophysiology exam with
correct answers
Nephrotic syndrome - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔characterized by massive
proteinuria caused by glomerular damage. corticosteroids are the mainstay;
Associated with glomerulonephritis and with an immune response that is
noninflammatory.
Glomerular Injury: Diffuse and Focal - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Lesions that
involve all or most (> 50%) of the glomeruli (plural) are termed diffuse, and lesions
that involve some (< 50%) of the glomeruli are termed focal (e.g., focal segmental
glomerulonephritis).
Glomerular injury: Global and Segmental - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔When a whole
glomerulus (singular) is affected, the lesion is termed global, and the lesion is
considered segmental if only a portion (< 50%) of the glomerulus is affected.
Glomerulonephritis - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔An inflammatory disorder of the
glomeruli, and most forms occur as a result of activation of immune mechanisms.
Nephritic syndrome - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Associated with glomerulonephritis
and an immune response that is inflammatory. A key feature is the passage of
leukocytes, red blood cells, and plasma proteins which occur as a result of
inflammation.
1.) LIMITED proteinuria 2.) Oliguria and Azotemia 3.) Salt retention -- periorbital
edema and hypertension(salt/fluid retention) 4.) RBC casts and dysmorphic RBCs in
,urine-- Immune Complex deposition activated Complement; C5a attracts neutrophils
which mediate the damage
Proliferative structural (histologic) descriptor - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔refers to
an increase in glomerular cells (e.g., mesangial, endothelial, basement membrane).
In the extra capillary space, this forms specific lesions that are termed crescents,
which are made of macrophages, fibroblasts, and other cells. These crescent cells
accumulate in the Bowman space and represent a rupture of the capsule.
sclerosing structural (histologic) descriptor - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔refers to
glomerular scar formation, and when the scarring is between the glomerulus and
tubules, it is referred to as interstitial fibrosis.
necrotizing structural (histologic) descriptor - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔refers to
cellular death.
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
Also called benign prostatic hypertrophy - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔A common,
nonmalignant enlargement of the prostate gland that occurs as men age, usually
appearing by age 50.
Bladder cancer - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔cancerous tumor that arises from the
cells lining the bladder; major sign is hematuria
Diagnostic procedures for hydronephrosis - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔History
physical examination
urinalysis
renal ultrasound
, CT
intravenous pyelogram
MRI.
Hydronephrosis - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔An abnormal dilation of the renal pelvis
and the calyces of one or both kidneys that occurs secondary to a disease.
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔inherited disease in
which sacs of fluid called cysts develop in the kidneys
Renal cell carcinoma - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔cancerous tumor that arises from
kidney tubule cells; most frequently occurring kidney cancer in adults (most
common in those 50-70 years of age).
Renal cell carcinoma signs and symptoms - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Hematuria
An abdominal renal mass that is firm
Abdominal flank pain described as dull and achy
Unexplained weight loss
Other symptoms may include scrotal varicoceles. If the inferior vena cava is affected,
then manifestations can include edema, ascites, and hepatic problems.
Signs and symptoms of bladder cancer - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Painless
hematuria that is gross (i.e., visible) or microscopic. The hematuria is intermittent
and occurs throughout all of micturition as opposed to just the beginning.
correct answers
Nephrotic syndrome - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔characterized by massive
proteinuria caused by glomerular damage. corticosteroids are the mainstay;
Associated with glomerulonephritis and with an immune response that is
noninflammatory.
Glomerular Injury: Diffuse and Focal - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Lesions that
involve all or most (> 50%) of the glomeruli (plural) are termed diffuse, and lesions
that involve some (< 50%) of the glomeruli are termed focal (e.g., focal segmental
glomerulonephritis).
Glomerular injury: Global and Segmental - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔When a whole
glomerulus (singular) is affected, the lesion is termed global, and the lesion is
considered segmental if only a portion (< 50%) of the glomerulus is affected.
Glomerulonephritis - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔An inflammatory disorder of the
glomeruli, and most forms occur as a result of activation of immune mechanisms.
Nephritic syndrome - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Associated with glomerulonephritis
and an immune response that is inflammatory. A key feature is the passage of
leukocytes, red blood cells, and plasma proteins which occur as a result of
inflammation.
1.) LIMITED proteinuria 2.) Oliguria and Azotemia 3.) Salt retention -- periorbital
edema and hypertension(salt/fluid retention) 4.) RBC casts and dysmorphic RBCs in
,urine-- Immune Complex deposition activated Complement; C5a attracts neutrophils
which mediate the damage
Proliferative structural (histologic) descriptor - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔refers to
an increase in glomerular cells (e.g., mesangial, endothelial, basement membrane).
In the extra capillary space, this forms specific lesions that are termed crescents,
which are made of macrophages, fibroblasts, and other cells. These crescent cells
accumulate in the Bowman space and represent a rupture of the capsule.
sclerosing structural (histologic) descriptor - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔refers to
glomerular scar formation, and when the scarring is between the glomerulus and
tubules, it is referred to as interstitial fibrosis.
necrotizing structural (histologic) descriptor - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔refers to
cellular death.
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
Also called benign prostatic hypertrophy - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔A common,
nonmalignant enlargement of the prostate gland that occurs as men age, usually
appearing by age 50.
Bladder cancer - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔cancerous tumor that arises from the
cells lining the bladder; major sign is hematuria
Diagnostic procedures for hydronephrosis - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔History
physical examination
urinalysis
renal ultrasound
, CT
intravenous pyelogram
MRI.
Hydronephrosis - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔An abnormal dilation of the renal pelvis
and the calyces of one or both kidneys that occurs secondary to a disease.
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔inherited disease in
which sacs of fluid called cysts develop in the kidneys
Renal cell carcinoma - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔cancerous tumor that arises from
kidney tubule cells; most frequently occurring kidney cancer in adults (most
common in those 50-70 years of age).
Renal cell carcinoma signs and symptoms - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Hematuria
An abdominal renal mass that is firm
Abdominal flank pain described as dull and achy
Unexplained weight loss
Other symptoms may include scrotal varicoceles. If the inferior vena cava is affected,
then manifestations can include edema, ascites, and hepatic problems.
Signs and symptoms of bladder cancer - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Painless
hematuria that is gross (i.e., visible) or microscopic. The hematuria is intermittent
and occurs throughout all of micturition as opposed to just the beginning.
