NATURAL SCIENCES CLEP EXAM
QUESTIONS WITH 100% CORRECT
ANSWERS
Anaphase - ANSWER-Cohesin proteins binding sister chromatids together break down,
sister chromatids are pulled towards opposite poles, non-kinetochore spindle fibers
lengthen, elongating the cell
Telophase - ANSWER-Chromosomes arrive at opposite poles and begin to
decondense, nuclear envelope material surrounds each set of chromosomes, the
mitotic spindle breaks down
Cytokinesis - ANSWER-In animal cells a cleavage furrow separates the daughter cells;
in plant cells a cell plate separates the daughter cells
Meiosis - ANSWER-After DNA replication, a type of cell division that takes place in
eukaryotes; It reduces the chromosome number by half, resulting in 4 daughter cells
(gametes) that are all genetically distinct from the parent cell as part of reproduction
Meiosis I - ANSWER-PMAT, but during anaphase, sister chromatids remain attached to
eachother and we see homologous chromosomes separate
Meiosis II - ANSWER-2 cells from meiosis I go through PMAT, but during anaphase
sister chromatids separate from eachother
Nucleosome - ANSWER-DNA wrapped around a histone
Chromatin fiber - ANSWER-Coiled nucleosome
Chromosome - ANSWER-Condensed chromatin
Biosynthesis - ANSWER-The process of making chemical compounds like proteins and
DNA by living things; Through anabolic processes, small molecules and building blocks
can build into larger functional systems
Enzymes - ANSWER-Made primarily of protein and act as a catalyst to help reactions
take place in the biological systems by lowering the activation energy, and therefore
increasing the rate of reaction
Biosynthesis process - ANSWER-Substrate binds with an enzyme at the activation site
to form an enzyme/substrate complex so the reaction can take place and form a product
that then leaves the site, returning the enzyme to its original shape
,Feedback inhibition - ANSWER-When there is a high concentration of an end product, it
comes back to the 1st enzyme and binds with it so if more of the substrate shows up, it
will be rejected because the shape of the active site is changed to the last step of the
pathway
Vascular plants (tracheophytes) - ANSWER-Able to move water and nutrients
throughout their structure with specialized tissues (xylem and phloem)
Nonvascular plants (bryophytes) - ANSWER-Do not have tissue to move water and
nutrients throughout their structure
Annuals - ANSWER-Only survive a single growing season
Biennials - ANSWER-Have a life cycle that spans 2 growing seasons
Perennials - ANSWER-Continue to grow year after year
Angiosperms - ANSWER-Plants that produce flowers
Gymnosperms - ANSWER-Produce seeds without flowers
Primary site for photosynthesis - ANSWER-Leaves
Stem - ANSWER-Provides main structural support and produces leaves/branches;
Primary conduit for transport of nutrients and water throughout the plant
Xylem - ANSWER-Moves water up from roots of plant
Phloem - ANSWER-Moves sugars down from the leaves to other parts of the plant
Water is especially important in plant reproduction because - ANSWER-It needs to be
able to travel from the roots to the top of the plant
Diploid generation - ANSWER-Sporophyte and produces haploid gametophytes; Male
gametophyte produces sperm and female produces an egg cell, which together form a
zygote
Vegetative Propagation - ANSWER-An asexual process that results in offspring
genetically identical to the parent
Carbohydrates are most commonly stored in plants in the form of - ANSWER-Starch
Distinguishes animal cells from plant cells - ANSWER-No plastids or cell wall, adult
animals are multicellular organisms with specialized tissues and organs, heterotrophic,
capable of sexual reproduction, embryonic stages, radial/bilateral symmetry
, Epithelial tissue - ANSWER-Generally a thin layer of cells; squamous, cubodial,
columnar, transitional
Connective tissue - ANSWER-Connects bones, muscles, and organs to each other;
provides structural support; loose/areolar, dense/fibrous, cartilage, bone, adipose, blood
Muscle tissue - ANSWER-Smooth, skeletal (voluntary), cardiac
Bone tissue - ANSWER-Helps provide stability and support for internal organs as
muscles move and pull bones
Cartilage - ANSWER-Provides cushion at joints and ends of bone; Helps reduce friction
as muscles pull and move bones
Adipose (fat) - ANSWER-Fat storage, provides cushion around organs and insulation
from extreme temperatures
Nerve tissue (in brain and spinal cord) - ANSWER-Carries chemicals and electrical
impulses between brain, limbs, organs; Composed of neurons; In the brain, it sustains
mental activity
Blood tissue (composed of white and red blood cells in plasma) - ANSWER-Carries
oxygen to cells, delivers nutrients and wastes, regulates body temperature, and helps
healing/immunity
Digestive system - ANSWER-Central processing plant for ingested food; Food must be
found, consumed, and then undergo catabolic processes to release energy stored in
chemical bonds
Begin breakdown with saliva - ANSWER-Proteins and carbs
Broken down at small intestine with help of bile acids and gall bladder - ANSWER-Lipids
and fats
Respiratory system (gas exchange) - ANSWER-Brings gases from surroundings while
expelling gases as waster products; All living things require the ability to exchange
gases with their environment
Muskuloskeletal system (mucscle and endoskeletal) - ANSWER-Unique to vertebrates,
though variations utilizing an exoskeleton also exist
Axial skeleton - ANSWER-Skull, rib cage, vertebral column
Appendicular skeleton - ANSWER-Pelvic girdle, arms, shoulders, legs
QUESTIONS WITH 100% CORRECT
ANSWERS
Anaphase - ANSWER-Cohesin proteins binding sister chromatids together break down,
sister chromatids are pulled towards opposite poles, non-kinetochore spindle fibers
lengthen, elongating the cell
Telophase - ANSWER-Chromosomes arrive at opposite poles and begin to
decondense, nuclear envelope material surrounds each set of chromosomes, the
mitotic spindle breaks down
Cytokinesis - ANSWER-In animal cells a cleavage furrow separates the daughter cells;
in plant cells a cell plate separates the daughter cells
Meiosis - ANSWER-After DNA replication, a type of cell division that takes place in
eukaryotes; It reduces the chromosome number by half, resulting in 4 daughter cells
(gametes) that are all genetically distinct from the parent cell as part of reproduction
Meiosis I - ANSWER-PMAT, but during anaphase, sister chromatids remain attached to
eachother and we see homologous chromosomes separate
Meiosis II - ANSWER-2 cells from meiosis I go through PMAT, but during anaphase
sister chromatids separate from eachother
Nucleosome - ANSWER-DNA wrapped around a histone
Chromatin fiber - ANSWER-Coiled nucleosome
Chromosome - ANSWER-Condensed chromatin
Biosynthesis - ANSWER-The process of making chemical compounds like proteins and
DNA by living things; Through anabolic processes, small molecules and building blocks
can build into larger functional systems
Enzymes - ANSWER-Made primarily of protein and act as a catalyst to help reactions
take place in the biological systems by lowering the activation energy, and therefore
increasing the rate of reaction
Biosynthesis process - ANSWER-Substrate binds with an enzyme at the activation site
to form an enzyme/substrate complex so the reaction can take place and form a product
that then leaves the site, returning the enzyme to its original shape
,Feedback inhibition - ANSWER-When there is a high concentration of an end product, it
comes back to the 1st enzyme and binds with it so if more of the substrate shows up, it
will be rejected because the shape of the active site is changed to the last step of the
pathway
Vascular plants (tracheophytes) - ANSWER-Able to move water and nutrients
throughout their structure with specialized tissues (xylem and phloem)
Nonvascular plants (bryophytes) - ANSWER-Do not have tissue to move water and
nutrients throughout their structure
Annuals - ANSWER-Only survive a single growing season
Biennials - ANSWER-Have a life cycle that spans 2 growing seasons
Perennials - ANSWER-Continue to grow year after year
Angiosperms - ANSWER-Plants that produce flowers
Gymnosperms - ANSWER-Produce seeds without flowers
Primary site for photosynthesis - ANSWER-Leaves
Stem - ANSWER-Provides main structural support and produces leaves/branches;
Primary conduit for transport of nutrients and water throughout the plant
Xylem - ANSWER-Moves water up from roots of plant
Phloem - ANSWER-Moves sugars down from the leaves to other parts of the plant
Water is especially important in plant reproduction because - ANSWER-It needs to be
able to travel from the roots to the top of the plant
Diploid generation - ANSWER-Sporophyte and produces haploid gametophytes; Male
gametophyte produces sperm and female produces an egg cell, which together form a
zygote
Vegetative Propagation - ANSWER-An asexual process that results in offspring
genetically identical to the parent
Carbohydrates are most commonly stored in plants in the form of - ANSWER-Starch
Distinguishes animal cells from plant cells - ANSWER-No plastids or cell wall, adult
animals are multicellular organisms with specialized tissues and organs, heterotrophic,
capable of sexual reproduction, embryonic stages, radial/bilateral symmetry
, Epithelial tissue - ANSWER-Generally a thin layer of cells; squamous, cubodial,
columnar, transitional
Connective tissue - ANSWER-Connects bones, muscles, and organs to each other;
provides structural support; loose/areolar, dense/fibrous, cartilage, bone, adipose, blood
Muscle tissue - ANSWER-Smooth, skeletal (voluntary), cardiac
Bone tissue - ANSWER-Helps provide stability and support for internal organs as
muscles move and pull bones
Cartilage - ANSWER-Provides cushion at joints and ends of bone; Helps reduce friction
as muscles pull and move bones
Adipose (fat) - ANSWER-Fat storage, provides cushion around organs and insulation
from extreme temperatures
Nerve tissue (in brain and spinal cord) - ANSWER-Carries chemicals and electrical
impulses between brain, limbs, organs; Composed of neurons; In the brain, it sustains
mental activity
Blood tissue (composed of white and red blood cells in plasma) - ANSWER-Carries
oxygen to cells, delivers nutrients and wastes, regulates body temperature, and helps
healing/immunity
Digestive system - ANSWER-Central processing plant for ingested food; Food must be
found, consumed, and then undergo catabolic processes to release energy stored in
chemical bonds
Begin breakdown with saliva - ANSWER-Proteins and carbs
Broken down at small intestine with help of bile acids and gall bladder - ANSWER-Lipids
and fats
Respiratory system (gas exchange) - ANSWER-Brings gases from surroundings while
expelling gases as waster products; All living things require the ability to exchange
gases with their environment
Muskuloskeletal system (mucscle and endoskeletal) - ANSWER-Unique to vertebrates,
though variations utilizing an exoskeleton also exist
Axial skeleton - ANSWER-Skull, rib cage, vertebral column
Appendicular skeleton - ANSWER-Pelvic girdle, arms, shoulders, legs
