PEL ACTUAL FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
2025/2026 GRADED A+
Reliability - Ability of a test to yield very similar scores for the same individual over
repeated testings
construct validity - The extent to which there is evidence that a test measures a
particular hypothetical construct.
criterion validity - how well a measure predicts an outcome for another measure.
ex- the GRE measuring how well grad students perform
content validity - The degree to which the content of a test is representative of the
domain it's supposed to cover.
external validity - the extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to other
situations and to other people
internal validity - the degree to which changes in the dependent variable are due to the
manipulation of the independent variable
Bias in research - True findings distorted due a factor other than the one studied
test-retest reliability - a method for determining the reliability of a test by comparing a
test taker's scores on the same test taken on separate occasions
split-half reliability - A measure of reliability in which a test is split into two parts and an
individual's scores on both halves are compared.
inter-rater reliability - A measure of how similarly two different test scorers would score a
test.
internal consistency - how well a test is actually measuring what you want it to measure
central tendency - a measure that represents the typical response or the behavior of a
group as a whole
mean - average
Median - the middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are
below it
Mode - The value that occurs most frequently in a given data set.
descriptive statistics - statistical procedures used to describe characteristics and
responses of groups of subjects
, Scaffolding - Adjusting the support offered during a teaching session to fit the child's
current level of performance
zone of proximal development - In Vygotsky's theory, the range between children's
present level of knowledge and their potential knowledge state if they recieve proper
guidance and instruction
Functional Behavior Assessment - A systematic method of assessment for obtaining
information about the purpose of a problem behavior serves for a person
observational measure - a variable measured by recording observable behaviors or
physical traces of behaviors
Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) - The Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) is a parent-
report questionnaire on child behavioral and emotional problems. It is one of the most
widely-used standardized measures for evaluating maladaptive behavioral and
emotional problems in subjects between the ages of 2 and 18. It assesses internalizing
behaviors (anxious, depressive, and over controlled) and externalizing behaviors
(aggressive, hyperactive, noncompliant and under controlled). (15 min)
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children - an intelligence test for children between the
ages of 6 and 16 inclusive that can be completed without reading or writing. The WISC
generates an IQ score
psychosexual stages of development - stages of child development in which a child's
pleasure-seeking urges are focused on specific areas of the body called erogenous
zones
Performance-based assessment - measures students' ability to apply the skills and
knowledge learned from a unit or units of study. students to demonstrate knowledge
and skills, including the process by which they solve problems
Curriculum-Based Assessment - This is a particular type of criterion-referenced test in
which the test items are taken from the curriculum being taught to the student. This type
of test can provide information regarding how well the student is learning the curriculum
being taught.
Correlation - A measure of the relationship between two variables
independent variable - The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose
effect is being studied.
dependent variable - The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to
manipulations of the independent variable.
2025/2026 GRADED A+
Reliability - Ability of a test to yield very similar scores for the same individual over
repeated testings
construct validity - The extent to which there is evidence that a test measures a
particular hypothetical construct.
criterion validity - how well a measure predicts an outcome for another measure.
ex- the GRE measuring how well grad students perform
content validity - The degree to which the content of a test is representative of the
domain it's supposed to cover.
external validity - the extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to other
situations and to other people
internal validity - the degree to which changes in the dependent variable are due to the
manipulation of the independent variable
Bias in research - True findings distorted due a factor other than the one studied
test-retest reliability - a method for determining the reliability of a test by comparing a
test taker's scores on the same test taken on separate occasions
split-half reliability - A measure of reliability in which a test is split into two parts and an
individual's scores on both halves are compared.
inter-rater reliability - A measure of how similarly two different test scorers would score a
test.
internal consistency - how well a test is actually measuring what you want it to measure
central tendency - a measure that represents the typical response or the behavior of a
group as a whole
mean - average
Median - the middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are
below it
Mode - The value that occurs most frequently in a given data set.
descriptive statistics - statistical procedures used to describe characteristics and
responses of groups of subjects
, Scaffolding - Adjusting the support offered during a teaching session to fit the child's
current level of performance
zone of proximal development - In Vygotsky's theory, the range between children's
present level of knowledge and their potential knowledge state if they recieve proper
guidance and instruction
Functional Behavior Assessment - A systematic method of assessment for obtaining
information about the purpose of a problem behavior serves for a person
observational measure - a variable measured by recording observable behaviors or
physical traces of behaviors
Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) - The Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) is a parent-
report questionnaire on child behavioral and emotional problems. It is one of the most
widely-used standardized measures for evaluating maladaptive behavioral and
emotional problems in subjects between the ages of 2 and 18. It assesses internalizing
behaviors (anxious, depressive, and over controlled) and externalizing behaviors
(aggressive, hyperactive, noncompliant and under controlled). (15 min)
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children - an intelligence test for children between the
ages of 6 and 16 inclusive that can be completed without reading or writing. The WISC
generates an IQ score
psychosexual stages of development - stages of child development in which a child's
pleasure-seeking urges are focused on specific areas of the body called erogenous
zones
Performance-based assessment - measures students' ability to apply the skills and
knowledge learned from a unit or units of study. students to demonstrate knowledge
and skills, including the process by which they solve problems
Curriculum-Based Assessment - This is a particular type of criterion-referenced test in
which the test items are taken from the curriculum being taught to the student. This type
of test can provide information regarding how well the student is learning the curriculum
being taught.
Correlation - A measure of the relationship between two variables
independent variable - The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose
effect is being studied.
dependent variable - The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to
manipulations of the independent variable.
