AMLS: Neurological disorders
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) - ANS -yellowish fluid that acts as a shock absorber - contains water,
proteins, salts and glucose
pia mater - ANS -innermost layer of the meninges - highly vascular area that supplies the
surfaces of the brain and spinal cord
arachnoid membrane - ANS -middle layer of the meninges - CSF is found here protecting the
brain against mechanical injury
dura mater - ANS -outermost layer of meninges - lines the cranial vault
composed of two layers
1) epidural - space between dura and the skull
2) subdural - space between dura and subarachnoid membrane
cerebral perfusion pressure - ANS -needed to optimal function of the brain
equivalent to the systolic bp
cerebral blood is also affected by hypocarbia which causes - ANS -cerebral vasoconstriction
-
this decreases perfusion and ICP
hypercarbia causes ______ - ANS -cerebral vasodilation
the _______ is the highest functioning part of the brain - ANS -cortex
brainstem includes - ANS -medulla, midbrain, pons
medulla controls - ANS -breathing and heart rate
midbrain controls - ANS -regulation of vision, hearing, and body movement
pons connects - ANS -the cerebellum to the medulla and is involved in posture and movement
limbic system - ANS -referred to as the primitive brain
responsible for intense feelings, allows us to interpret events
, delirium - ANS -acute alteration in cognition of impairment of awareness
causes include intoxication, infection, trauma, seizures, endocrine d/o, sepsis
hypothalamus is responsible for maintaining __________ by linking the sympathetic and
parasympathetic nervous system by ways of the _______ ___ - ANS -1) homeostasis
2) pituitary gland
syncope / dizziness differential diagnosis - ANS -aortic valve stenosis,
cardiac
CNS event (bleed)
vasovagal reflex
dehydration
ectopic pregnancy
hypovolemia
pulmonary embolism
vertigo (central vs peripheral) - ANS -originates in the CNS or vestibular organs.
Central vertigo can be caused by hemorrhage, concussion, tumors, toxic inhalation
peripheral vertigo is due to a disruption in the vestibular system / 8th cranial nerve
a patient with vertigo has a feelings of __________________________ - ANS -imbalance,
sensation of being drunk, buzzing/ringing in the ears
patients who have vertigo lasting longer than _______ accompanied by loss of balance and
maintaining their posture is found to have a CVA - ANS -24 HOURS
ataxia - ANS -loss of muscular control and coordination causing poor gait and abnormal eye
movements
hyperventilation decreases the amount of CO2 which induces cerebral _________. This
decreases blood volume in the brain thereby reducing _____ - ANS -vasoconstriction
ICP
most common site for thrombotic stroke are in the branches of the cerebral arteries, ______,
and the _______ - ANS -circle of willis
posterior circulation
carotid artery dissection - ANS -internal carotid arteries supply the brain with oxygenated blood.
Dissection can occur here in young people while engaging in physical activity. This can lead to
an ischemic stroke
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) - ANS -yellowish fluid that acts as a shock absorber - contains water,
proteins, salts and glucose
pia mater - ANS -innermost layer of the meninges - highly vascular area that supplies the
surfaces of the brain and spinal cord
arachnoid membrane - ANS -middle layer of the meninges - CSF is found here protecting the
brain against mechanical injury
dura mater - ANS -outermost layer of meninges - lines the cranial vault
composed of two layers
1) epidural - space between dura and the skull
2) subdural - space between dura and subarachnoid membrane
cerebral perfusion pressure - ANS -needed to optimal function of the brain
equivalent to the systolic bp
cerebral blood is also affected by hypocarbia which causes - ANS -cerebral vasoconstriction
-
this decreases perfusion and ICP
hypercarbia causes ______ - ANS -cerebral vasodilation
the _______ is the highest functioning part of the brain - ANS -cortex
brainstem includes - ANS -medulla, midbrain, pons
medulla controls - ANS -breathing and heart rate
midbrain controls - ANS -regulation of vision, hearing, and body movement
pons connects - ANS -the cerebellum to the medulla and is involved in posture and movement
limbic system - ANS -referred to as the primitive brain
responsible for intense feelings, allows us to interpret events
, delirium - ANS -acute alteration in cognition of impairment of awareness
causes include intoxication, infection, trauma, seizures, endocrine d/o, sepsis
hypothalamus is responsible for maintaining __________ by linking the sympathetic and
parasympathetic nervous system by ways of the _______ ___ - ANS -1) homeostasis
2) pituitary gland
syncope / dizziness differential diagnosis - ANS -aortic valve stenosis,
cardiac
CNS event (bleed)
vasovagal reflex
dehydration
ectopic pregnancy
hypovolemia
pulmonary embolism
vertigo (central vs peripheral) - ANS -originates in the CNS or vestibular organs.
Central vertigo can be caused by hemorrhage, concussion, tumors, toxic inhalation
peripheral vertigo is due to a disruption in the vestibular system / 8th cranial nerve
a patient with vertigo has a feelings of __________________________ - ANS -imbalance,
sensation of being drunk, buzzing/ringing in the ears
patients who have vertigo lasting longer than _______ accompanied by loss of balance and
maintaining their posture is found to have a CVA - ANS -24 HOURS
ataxia - ANS -loss of muscular control and coordination causing poor gait and abnormal eye
movements
hyperventilation decreases the amount of CO2 which induces cerebral _________. This
decreases blood volume in the brain thereby reducing _____ - ANS -vasoconstriction
ICP
most common site for thrombotic stroke are in the branches of the cerebral arteries, ______,
and the _______ - ANS -circle of willis
posterior circulation
carotid artery dissection - ANS -internal carotid arteries supply the brain with oxygenated blood.
Dissection can occur here in young people while engaging in physical activity. This can lead to
an ischemic stroke
