CHA FINAL EXAM EVALUATION QUESTIONS WITH
ANSWERS 2025/2026 GRADED A+
Renal compensation - Increased excretion/reabsorption of HCO3 and H
Percentage of body water in adults - 60%
Percentage of body water in infants - 75%
Percentage of body water in children - 65%
ICF - intracellular fluid
2/3 of body water
Assists in cellular metabolism
Major electrolytes in ICF - potassium, phosphorus, magnesium
ECF - extracellular fluid
1/3 of body fluid
Electrolytes highest an ECF - Na, Cl, HCO3
Osmotic pressure - pressure that must be applied to prevent osmotic movement across
a selectively permeable membrane
Osmolality - Measures asthmatic force of a solute per unit, fluids inside body, evaluate
the concentration of plasma and urine
Osmolarity - measure of total concentration of solute particles, Fluids outside the body
Normal osmolality - 275-295 mOsm/kg
Filtration - Water and solutes move from an area of increased hydrostatic pressure to an
area of decreased
GFR, arterial ends of capillaries
First spacing - Normal distribution of fluid in ICF and ECF
Second spacing - abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid (edema)
Third spacing - the accumulation and sequestration of trapped extracellular fluid in an
actual or potential body space as a result of disease or injury
Regulation of water balance - -Hypothalamic regulation (controls pituitary)
-Pituitary regulation (ADH)
-Adrenal cortical regulation (aldosterone [enhances Na & H2O retention])
, -Renal regulation
-Cardiac regulation
-GI regulation (fluid intake)
-Insensible water loss
ADH (vasopressin) - Released from the posterior pituitary gland in response to changes
in blood osmolarity especially sodium, ax on nephrons and makes them more
permeable to water/increases reabsorption
ADH Released in response to - ↑ osmolarity
Stress, nausea, nicotine, morphine
Aldosterone - adrenal cortex
Acts on nephrons to reduce water and sodium loss
Secreted in response to low sodium
Naturetic Peptides - decreases blood pressure
Hormone secreted by the heart in response to increased blood volume and pressure
Opposite of aldosterone
Kidneys excrete more water and sodium leading to a decreased blood volume and
osmolarity
Renin angiotension II pathway - Kidneys monitor blood volume, BP, blood o2, and blood
osmolality —> when any are low kidney secrete renin —> activates angiotensinogen
<— activated by ACE —> becomes angiotensin II which vasoconstricts -> increased BP
and decreased GFR —> promotes excretion of aldosterone
Colloid fluid - Thicker, protein, dextram (plasma expander), starch, cloudy
Crystalloid fluid - Thinner, watery
Lactated ringer's, normal saline
Hypertonic/hypotonic/isotonic
Rome - Respiratory Opposite Metabolic Equal
Metabolic acidosis etiology
Overproduction of H ions - -excessive breakdown of fatty acids (diabetic ketoacidosis,
starvation)
-anaerobic glucose breakdown - results in lactic acid -> too little o2
-excessive intake of acids
Metabolic acidosis etiologies - Overproduction of H ions
Under elimination of H ions
Under production of HCO3
Over elimination of HCO3
ANSWERS 2025/2026 GRADED A+
Renal compensation - Increased excretion/reabsorption of HCO3 and H
Percentage of body water in adults - 60%
Percentage of body water in infants - 75%
Percentage of body water in children - 65%
ICF - intracellular fluid
2/3 of body water
Assists in cellular metabolism
Major electrolytes in ICF - potassium, phosphorus, magnesium
ECF - extracellular fluid
1/3 of body fluid
Electrolytes highest an ECF - Na, Cl, HCO3
Osmotic pressure - pressure that must be applied to prevent osmotic movement across
a selectively permeable membrane
Osmolality - Measures asthmatic force of a solute per unit, fluids inside body, evaluate
the concentration of plasma and urine
Osmolarity - measure of total concentration of solute particles, Fluids outside the body
Normal osmolality - 275-295 mOsm/kg
Filtration - Water and solutes move from an area of increased hydrostatic pressure to an
area of decreased
GFR, arterial ends of capillaries
First spacing - Normal distribution of fluid in ICF and ECF
Second spacing - abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid (edema)
Third spacing - the accumulation and sequestration of trapped extracellular fluid in an
actual or potential body space as a result of disease or injury
Regulation of water balance - -Hypothalamic regulation (controls pituitary)
-Pituitary regulation (ADH)
-Adrenal cortical regulation (aldosterone [enhances Na & H2O retention])
, -Renal regulation
-Cardiac regulation
-GI regulation (fluid intake)
-Insensible water loss
ADH (vasopressin) - Released from the posterior pituitary gland in response to changes
in blood osmolarity especially sodium, ax on nephrons and makes them more
permeable to water/increases reabsorption
ADH Released in response to - ↑ osmolarity
Stress, nausea, nicotine, morphine
Aldosterone - adrenal cortex
Acts on nephrons to reduce water and sodium loss
Secreted in response to low sodium
Naturetic Peptides - decreases blood pressure
Hormone secreted by the heart in response to increased blood volume and pressure
Opposite of aldosterone
Kidneys excrete more water and sodium leading to a decreased blood volume and
osmolarity
Renin angiotension II pathway - Kidneys monitor blood volume, BP, blood o2, and blood
osmolality —> when any are low kidney secrete renin —> activates angiotensinogen
<— activated by ACE —> becomes angiotensin II which vasoconstricts -> increased BP
and decreased GFR —> promotes excretion of aldosterone
Colloid fluid - Thicker, protein, dextram (plasma expander), starch, cloudy
Crystalloid fluid - Thinner, watery
Lactated ringer's, normal saline
Hypertonic/hypotonic/isotonic
Rome - Respiratory Opposite Metabolic Equal
Metabolic acidosis etiology
Overproduction of H ions - -excessive breakdown of fatty acids (diabetic ketoacidosis,
starvation)
-anaerobic glucose breakdown - results in lactic acid -> too little o2
-excessive intake of acids
Metabolic acidosis etiologies - Overproduction of H ions
Under elimination of H ions
Under production of HCO3
Over elimination of HCO3
