Developing Human Clinically
Embryology 9th Edition Moore Persaud -
Test Bank Latest Update 2025/2026
Graded A+
_________________________________________________________________
List 3 methods of analgesia used for circumcision and rank them in terms of
effectiveness.
1. Dorsal penile nerve block (injection; blocks the twin dorsal penile nerves and
branches) MOST effective
2. EMLA (eutectic mixture of local anesthetics; topical cream)
(LESS effective than EMLA)
3. Oral sucrose
(MORE effective than water placebo)
procedural steps of circumcision
1. analgesia
2. Foreskin isolated and dorsal slit made
3. Adhesions between foreskin and glans lysed
4. Clamp/device applied
5. Foreskin removed
6. Post-op evaluation
,Explain why the risk of UTIs has been used as an example of a proposed benefit
of circumcision. Include mention of NNT, recurrent UTIs, high grade VUR and
PUV.
- most UTI's occur during the first year of life
- Uncircumcised infant males have 4-10 times greater risk of UTI than circumcised
infant males
- NNT: number needed to treat (the higher the number the less necessary or
efficient the treatment) for males NNT=111
- recurrent UTI NNT: 11
- high grade VUR NNT: 4
- PUV NNT: 1-2
Circumcision appears to decrease the risk of HIV infection during heterosexual
vaginal intercourse in sub-Saharan Africa. Explain how circumcision can provide
this benefit based on the anatomy of the penis.
- In uncircumcised male warm, moist inner mucosal layer of foreskin has number
of cell targets for HIV as well as highly vascularized frenulum which is succeptible
to micro-abrasion trauma during intercourse
VERSES
- circumcised males have Stratified squamous keratinized epithelium that covers
penile shaft and can therefore act as protective barrier to HIV infection
-glans is keratinized
-Circumcision significantly decreased HIV acquisition by 53-60%
,Explain why circumcision may not provide the same benefit for men in the
United States.
-Most sexual transmission of HIV infection occurs among men having sex with
men (MSM)
-Rectal mucosal secretions have higher concentration of HIV than vaginal or
cervical secretions (possibly orders of magnitude higher)
Explain the current position of the American Academy of Pediatrics on routine
neonatal circumcision.
- Neutral stance in 1999, reaffirmed in 2005, but POSITIVE recommendation in
2012
- Existing scientific evidence demonstrates potential medical benefits of newborn
circumcision
- Parents should be allowed to make choice based on unbiased and accurate
information
- If circumcision is performed, anesthesia should be provided
Identify the anatomical compartments involved in oogenesis, hormone
production, fertilization, development and maintenance of fetus.
- oogenesis occurs in the ovary
- hormone production (estrogen and progesterone) occurs int he ovary
theca cells and granulose cells specifically produce each hormone
- fertilization occurs in the oviduct
-development and maintenance occurs in the uterus
, Describe the basic steps of oogenesis. Indicate whether oogonia and oocytes are
haploid or diploid. (1n: haploid) (2n: diploid) (c: number of chromosome copies)
BEFORE BIRTH
- oogonium (46 chromosomes) have mitotic proliferation (diploid 2n)
- produce primary oocytes (2n, 4c)
arrested in prophase 1 at birth
AFTER BIRTH
- all oocytes undergo atresia until puberty
AFTER PUBERTY
-one primary oocyte reaches maturity and is ovulated about once a month until
menopause ensues
- enlarged primary oocyte (2n)
complete first meiotic division prior to ovulation
- produce first polar body(1n, 2c) and secondary oocyte (1n, 2c)
second meiotic division completed after fertilization
- produce second polar body (1n, 2c) and mature ovum (1n, 1c)
Describe the roles of the 3 main cell types in the ovarian follicle.
GERM CELL:
oocyte (center of attention)
SOMATIC CELLS:
- granulosa cells: surround and nourish developing germ cell; rolein hormone
Embryology 9th Edition Moore Persaud -
Test Bank Latest Update 2025/2026
Graded A+
_________________________________________________________________
List 3 methods of analgesia used for circumcision and rank them in terms of
effectiveness.
1. Dorsal penile nerve block (injection; blocks the twin dorsal penile nerves and
branches) MOST effective
2. EMLA (eutectic mixture of local anesthetics; topical cream)
(LESS effective than EMLA)
3. Oral sucrose
(MORE effective than water placebo)
procedural steps of circumcision
1. analgesia
2. Foreskin isolated and dorsal slit made
3. Adhesions between foreskin and glans lysed
4. Clamp/device applied
5. Foreskin removed
6. Post-op evaluation
,Explain why the risk of UTIs has been used as an example of a proposed benefit
of circumcision. Include mention of NNT, recurrent UTIs, high grade VUR and
PUV.
- most UTI's occur during the first year of life
- Uncircumcised infant males have 4-10 times greater risk of UTI than circumcised
infant males
- NNT: number needed to treat (the higher the number the less necessary or
efficient the treatment) for males NNT=111
- recurrent UTI NNT: 11
- high grade VUR NNT: 4
- PUV NNT: 1-2
Circumcision appears to decrease the risk of HIV infection during heterosexual
vaginal intercourse in sub-Saharan Africa. Explain how circumcision can provide
this benefit based on the anatomy of the penis.
- In uncircumcised male warm, moist inner mucosal layer of foreskin has number
of cell targets for HIV as well as highly vascularized frenulum which is succeptible
to micro-abrasion trauma during intercourse
VERSES
- circumcised males have Stratified squamous keratinized epithelium that covers
penile shaft and can therefore act as protective barrier to HIV infection
-glans is keratinized
-Circumcision significantly decreased HIV acquisition by 53-60%
,Explain why circumcision may not provide the same benefit for men in the
United States.
-Most sexual transmission of HIV infection occurs among men having sex with
men (MSM)
-Rectal mucosal secretions have higher concentration of HIV than vaginal or
cervical secretions (possibly orders of magnitude higher)
Explain the current position of the American Academy of Pediatrics on routine
neonatal circumcision.
- Neutral stance in 1999, reaffirmed in 2005, but POSITIVE recommendation in
2012
- Existing scientific evidence demonstrates potential medical benefits of newborn
circumcision
- Parents should be allowed to make choice based on unbiased and accurate
information
- If circumcision is performed, anesthesia should be provided
Identify the anatomical compartments involved in oogenesis, hormone
production, fertilization, development and maintenance of fetus.
- oogenesis occurs in the ovary
- hormone production (estrogen and progesterone) occurs int he ovary
theca cells and granulose cells specifically produce each hormone
- fertilization occurs in the oviduct
-development and maintenance occurs in the uterus
, Describe the basic steps of oogenesis. Indicate whether oogonia and oocytes are
haploid or diploid. (1n: haploid) (2n: diploid) (c: number of chromosome copies)
BEFORE BIRTH
- oogonium (46 chromosomes) have mitotic proliferation (diploid 2n)
- produce primary oocytes (2n, 4c)
arrested in prophase 1 at birth
AFTER BIRTH
- all oocytes undergo atresia until puberty
AFTER PUBERTY
-one primary oocyte reaches maturity and is ovulated about once a month until
menopause ensues
- enlarged primary oocyte (2n)
complete first meiotic division prior to ovulation
- produce first polar body(1n, 2c) and secondary oocyte (1n, 2c)
second meiotic division completed after fertilization
- produce second polar body (1n, 2c) and mature ovum (1n, 1c)
Describe the roles of the 3 main cell types in the ovarian follicle.
GERM CELL:
oocyte (center of attention)
SOMATIC CELLS:
- granulosa cells: surround and nourish developing germ cell; rolein hormone
