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Chapter 01: History of Massage: Prehistoric Times to the Modern Era, and
k k k k k k k k k k k
Professional Societies, Organizations, and Associations
k k k k
Salvo: Massage Therapy, 6th Edition
k k k k
MULTIPLE CHOICE k
1. Which method is defined as manual manipulation of soft tissue using pressure and traction for the
kkk k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k
rapeutic, palliative, and recreational purposes?
k k k k
a. Acupuncture
kkk
b. Ayurveda
kkk
c. Polarity therapy
kkk k
d. Massage therapy
kkk k
ANS: D kk
Massage therapy is as a method of manipulating soft tissue using pressure and traction for th
k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k
erapeutic, palliative, and recreational purposes. k k k k
2. Which origin for the word massage is Greek?
kkk k k k k k k k
a. Mashesh kkk
b. Masso c kkk k
. Masser d.
kkk k
kkk Makeh
ANS: B kk
The origin of the word massage is unclear, but can be traced to numerous sources: the Hebrew
k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k
mashesh, the Greek masso and massin, the Latin massa, the Arabic mass’h, the Sanskrit
makeh, and the French masTsE
erS. TBANKSELLER.COM
k k k k k k k k k k k k k
k k k k k
3. When is the earliest the term massage was used by most European-based cultures?
kkk k k k k k k k k k k k k
a. 1600s kkk k
b. 1700s kkk k
c. 1800s kkk k
d. 1900s kkk
ANS: C kk
By the early 1800s, the term massage was used by most European-
k k k k k k k k k k k
based cultures. Historically, massage was referred to by its techniques such as friction or sim
k k k k k k k k k k k k k k
ply rubbing. k
4. The first written records of massage date back to 3000 BC in which country?
kkk k k k k k k k k k k k k k
a. India kkk
b. China c kkk k
. Egypt d.
kkk k kk
k Greece
ANS: B kk
Early records have revealed that the practice of massage goes back to China, as early as 3000
k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k
BC. Acupuncture was not mentioned in Chinese writings until 90 BC.
k k k k k k k k k k
5. Which work is commonly referred to as the classic scripture of traditional Chinese medicine?
kkk k k k k k k k k k k k k k
a. Tao Te Ching
kkk k k
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b. Nei Ching
kkk k
c. Ayur-Veda
kkk
d. Corpus Hippocraticum
kkk k
ANS: B kk
At the time of Hwang Ti, various ideas and beliefs were compiled under the name of the Yellow
k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k
Emperor (died in 2599 BC) which became the classic scripture of traditional Chinese medicine k
k k k k k k k k k k k k k k
nown as the Nei Chang. The Nei Chang was written about 2760 BC, and this work contains detai
k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k
led descriptions of massage procedures as well as herbal medicines.
k k k k k k k k k
6. What is the original massage technique in China and the precursor to manual and energetic the
kkk k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k
rapies?
a. Polarity
kkk
b. Shiatsu
kkk
c. Acupuncture
kkk
d. Amma
kkk
ANS: D kk
Amma is regarded as the original massage technique and precursor to all other Chinese th
k k k k k k k k k k k k k k
erapies, manual and energetic. k k k
7. Which healing method is based on Hindu tradition?
kkk k k k k k k k
a. Ayurveda
kkk
b. Shiatsu c
kkk k
. Amma d.
kkk k kk
k Polarity
ANS: A kk
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Knowledge of amma massage traveled to the subcontinent of India from China and massage
k k k k k k k k k k k k k
became part of Hindu tradition. Massage is described in India’s first great medical works, the A
k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k
yur-
Veda books of wisdom (about 1800 BC) and recommend it as an almost indispensable healing p
k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k
rocedure.
8. Which method is Japanese but based on Chinese medicine concepts, and uses applied pressure of t
kkk k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k
he thumbs, elbows, and other parts of the body?
k k k k k k k k
a. Ayurveda
kkk
b. Shiatsu
kkk
c. Massage
kkk
d. Amma
kkk
ANS: B kk
Shiatsu is a Japanese method based on the same traditional Chinese medicine concepts as acu
k k k k k k k k k k k k k k
puncture. Acupuncturists use needles at specific points to balance the flow of energy; shiatsu t
k k k k k k k k k k k k k k
herapists use their fingers, thumbs, forearms, and elbows, and even their knees and feet.
k k k k k k k k k k k k k
9. Who is generally recognized as the father of modern Western medicine?
kkk k k k k k k k k k k
a. Galen b.
kkk k
Celsus c.
kkk k kk
kRhazes
d. Hippocrates
kkk
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, TESTBANKSELLER.COM
ANS: D kk
Hippocrates was known to be a fine clinician, founder of a medical school, author of
k k k k k k k k k k k k k k
numerous books, and advocated the use of massage or “rubbing.” His works are collectively
k k k k k k k k k k k k k
known as the Corpus Hippocraticum, and summarized much of what was known about
k k k k k k k k k k k k
disease and medicine in the ancient world. Hippocrates is generally recognized as the father of m
k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k
odern Western medicine, and he believed that physicians should avoid causing harm to patients.
k k k k k k k k k k k k k
10. Who wrote the Canon of Medicine, the most famous book in the history of medicine in both the
kkk k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k
East and the West?
k k k
a. Rhazes
kkk
b. Celsus
kkk
c. Avicenna
kkk
d. Hippocrates
kkk
ANS: C kk
A text entitled
k k kk
kor Canon of Medicine was written by one of the greatest Persian physicians of his era, Avicenn
k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k
a (980-
k
1037). He was also known as Ibn Sina. The Canon of Medicine is the most famous book in the h
k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k
istory of medicine in both the East and the West.
k k k k k k k k k
11. Which individual discussed the effects of massage and used friction on joints in the 1500s?
kkk k k k k k k k k k k k k k k
a. Paré kkk
b. Harvey kkk
c. Galen kkk
d. Mezger kkk
ANS: A kk
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Ambroise Paré (1515- k k
1590) was a famous French surgeon who was among the earliest individuals in this era to
k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k
discuss the effects of massage. He also used friction to treat dislocated joints and other ort
k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k
hopedic conditions. k
12. Who was the first known scientist to demonstrate that blood circulation due to muscular co
kkk k k k k k k k k k k k k k k
ntraction of the heart? k k k
a. Paré kkk
b. Galenkkk
c. Harvey
kkk
d. Mezger
kkk
ANS: C kk
English scientist William Harvey (1578–
k k k k
1657) discovered the circulation of blood in 1628. Harvey observed the hearts of living anima
k k k k k k k k k k k k k k
ls and determined that muscular contraction
k k k k k
(systole) pumped blood through arteries and veins. This discovery enhanced the acceptance of m
k k k k k k k k k k k k k
assage as a therapeutic measure.
k k k k
13. Who developed the Swedish Movement Cure, which included the use of massage?
kkk k k k k k k k k k k k
a. Johann Mezger
kkk k
b. Pehr H. Ling
kkk k k
c. George Henry Taylor
kkk k k
d. John Harvey Kellogg
kkk k k
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, TESTBANKSELLER.COM
ANS: B kk
Ling developed his own system of medical or Swedish gymnastics and exercise, known as the
k k k k k k k k k k k k k k
Ling System, Swedish Movements, or Swedish Movement Cure. The term Swedish massage
k k k k k k k k k k k
was used to describe the massage component of Ling’s system.
k k k k k k k k k
14. Which term describes a component of the Ling System?
kkk k k k k k k k k
a. Shiatsu kkk
b. Ayurveda kkk
c. Thai massage
kkk k
d. Swedish massage
kkk k
ANS: D kk
The term “Swedish massage” was used to describe the massage component of Ling’s system. Fo
k k k k k k k k k k k k k k
r this reason, Ling is often regarded as the father of Swedish massage.
k k k k k k k k k k k k
15. Which individual is credited with having introduced French terms still in use to describe ma
kkk k k k k k k k k k k k k k k
ssage techniques? k
a. Johann Mezger b
kkk k k
. William Harvey c.
kkk k k
Pehr H. Ling
kkk k k
d. Charles Taylor
kkk k
ANS: A kk
The Dutch physician Johann Mezger (1838–
k k k k k
1909) is credited with having introduced the French terminology still used to describe massage t
k k k k k k k k k k k k k k
echniques (e.g., effleurage, pétrissage, tapotement) that are currently used in massage legislatio
k k k k k k k k k k k
n and massage curricula. French was the international language in the nineteenth century.
k k k k k k k k k k k k
TESTBANKSELLER.COM
16. Who is the founder of modern nursing, which included massage as part of care?
kkk k k k k k k k k k k k k k
a. Tiffany Field
kkk k
b. Florence Nightingale
kkk k
c. Charles Fayette Taylor
kkk k k
d. John Harvey Kellogg
kkk k k
ANS: B kk
Florence Nightingale (1829- k k
1910) from England was the founder of modern nursing. She assumed patient care in hospit
k k k k k k k k k k k k k k
als in Turkey during the Crimean War (1853-
k k k k k k k
1856). She developed a standard of care for soldiers, which massage was an integral part of.
k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k
17. French physician Lucas-
kkk k k
Championniere used massage and exercise to treat soldiers injured during which event? k k k k k k k k k k k
a. World War I b.
kkk k k k
World War II c.
kkk k k k kk
kCivil War k
d. Viet Nam War
kkk k k
ANS: A kk
World War I provided countless opportunities for the use of massage and exercise to reha
k k k k k k k k k k k k k k
bilitate injured soldiers. French physician Just Lucas-Championniere (1843-
k k k k k k k
1913) advocated for the use of massage and passive movements to treat soft tissue injurie
k k k k k k k k k k k k k k
s, particularly fractures.
k k
TESTBANKSELLER.COM
Chapter 01: History of Massage: Prehistoric Times to the Modern Era, and
k k k k k k k k k k k
Professional Societies, Organizations, and Associations
k k k k
Salvo: Massage Therapy, 6th Edition
k k k k
MULTIPLE CHOICE k
1. Which method is defined as manual manipulation of soft tissue using pressure and traction for the
kkk k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k
rapeutic, palliative, and recreational purposes?
k k k k
a. Acupuncture
kkk
b. Ayurveda
kkk
c. Polarity therapy
kkk k
d. Massage therapy
kkk k
ANS: D kk
Massage therapy is as a method of manipulating soft tissue using pressure and traction for th
k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k
erapeutic, palliative, and recreational purposes. k k k k
2. Which origin for the word massage is Greek?
kkk k k k k k k k
a. Mashesh kkk
b. Masso c kkk k
. Masser d.
kkk k
kkk Makeh
ANS: B kk
The origin of the word massage is unclear, but can be traced to numerous sources: the Hebrew
k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k
mashesh, the Greek masso and massin, the Latin massa, the Arabic mass’h, the Sanskrit
makeh, and the French masTsE
erS. TBANKSELLER.COM
k k k k k k k k k k k k k
k k k k k
3. When is the earliest the term massage was used by most European-based cultures?
kkk k k k k k k k k k k k k
a. 1600s kkk k
b. 1700s kkk k
c. 1800s kkk k
d. 1900s kkk
ANS: C kk
By the early 1800s, the term massage was used by most European-
k k k k k k k k k k k
based cultures. Historically, massage was referred to by its techniques such as friction or sim
k k k k k k k k k k k k k k
ply rubbing. k
4. The first written records of massage date back to 3000 BC in which country?
kkk k k k k k k k k k k k k k
a. India kkk
b. China c kkk k
. Egypt d.
kkk k kk
k Greece
ANS: B kk
Early records have revealed that the practice of massage goes back to China, as early as 3000
k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k
BC. Acupuncture was not mentioned in Chinese writings until 90 BC.
k k k k k k k k k k
5. Which work is commonly referred to as the classic scripture of traditional Chinese medicine?
kkk k k k k k k k k k k k k k
a. Tao Te Ching
kkk k k
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b. Nei Ching
kkk k
c. Ayur-Veda
kkk
d. Corpus Hippocraticum
kkk k
ANS: B kk
At the time of Hwang Ti, various ideas and beliefs were compiled under the name of the Yellow
k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k
Emperor (died in 2599 BC) which became the classic scripture of traditional Chinese medicine k
k k k k k k k k k k k k k k
nown as the Nei Chang. The Nei Chang was written about 2760 BC, and this work contains detai
k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k
led descriptions of massage procedures as well as herbal medicines.
k k k k k k k k k
6. What is the original massage technique in China and the precursor to manual and energetic the
kkk k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k
rapies?
a. Polarity
kkk
b. Shiatsu
kkk
c. Acupuncture
kkk
d. Amma
kkk
ANS: D kk
Amma is regarded as the original massage technique and precursor to all other Chinese th
k k k k k k k k k k k k k k
erapies, manual and energetic. k k k
7. Which healing method is based on Hindu tradition?
kkk k k k k k k k
a. Ayurveda
kkk
b. Shiatsu c
kkk k
. Amma d.
kkk k kk
k Polarity
ANS: A kk
TESTBANKSELLER.COM
Knowledge of amma massage traveled to the subcontinent of India from China and massage
k k k k k k k k k k k k k
became part of Hindu tradition. Massage is described in India’s first great medical works, the A
k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k
yur-
Veda books of wisdom (about 1800 BC) and recommend it as an almost indispensable healing p
k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k
rocedure.
8. Which method is Japanese but based on Chinese medicine concepts, and uses applied pressure of t
kkk k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k
he thumbs, elbows, and other parts of the body?
k k k k k k k k
a. Ayurveda
kkk
b. Shiatsu
kkk
c. Massage
kkk
d. Amma
kkk
ANS: B kk
Shiatsu is a Japanese method based on the same traditional Chinese medicine concepts as acu
k k k k k k k k k k k k k k
puncture. Acupuncturists use needles at specific points to balance the flow of energy; shiatsu t
k k k k k k k k k k k k k k
herapists use their fingers, thumbs, forearms, and elbows, and even their knees and feet.
k k k k k k k k k k k k k
9. Who is generally recognized as the father of modern Western medicine?
kkk k k k k k k k k k k
a. Galen b.
kkk k
Celsus c.
kkk k kk
kRhazes
d. Hippocrates
kkk
TESTBANKSELLER.COM
, TESTBANKSELLER.COM
ANS: D kk
Hippocrates was known to be a fine clinician, founder of a medical school, author of
k k k k k k k k k k k k k k
numerous books, and advocated the use of massage or “rubbing.” His works are collectively
k k k k k k k k k k k k k
known as the Corpus Hippocraticum, and summarized much of what was known about
k k k k k k k k k k k k
disease and medicine in the ancient world. Hippocrates is generally recognized as the father of m
k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k
odern Western medicine, and he believed that physicians should avoid causing harm to patients.
k k k k k k k k k k k k k
10. Who wrote the Canon of Medicine, the most famous book in the history of medicine in both the
kkk k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k
East and the West?
k k k
a. Rhazes
kkk
b. Celsus
kkk
c. Avicenna
kkk
d. Hippocrates
kkk
ANS: C kk
A text entitled
k k kk
kor Canon of Medicine was written by one of the greatest Persian physicians of his era, Avicenn
k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k
a (980-
k
1037). He was also known as Ibn Sina. The Canon of Medicine is the most famous book in the h
k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k
istory of medicine in both the East and the West.
k k k k k k k k k
11. Which individual discussed the effects of massage and used friction on joints in the 1500s?
kkk k k k k k k k k k k k k k k
a. Paré kkk
b. Harvey kkk
c. Galen kkk
d. Mezger kkk
ANS: A kk
TESTBANKSELLER.COM
Ambroise Paré (1515- k k
1590) was a famous French surgeon who was among the earliest individuals in this era to
k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k
discuss the effects of massage. He also used friction to treat dislocated joints and other ort
k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k
hopedic conditions. k
12. Who was the first known scientist to demonstrate that blood circulation due to muscular co
kkk k k k k k k k k k k k k k k
ntraction of the heart? k k k
a. Paré kkk
b. Galenkkk
c. Harvey
kkk
d. Mezger
kkk
ANS: C kk
English scientist William Harvey (1578–
k k k k
1657) discovered the circulation of blood in 1628. Harvey observed the hearts of living anima
k k k k k k k k k k k k k k
ls and determined that muscular contraction
k k k k k
(systole) pumped blood through arteries and veins. This discovery enhanced the acceptance of m
k k k k k k k k k k k k k
assage as a therapeutic measure.
k k k k
13. Who developed the Swedish Movement Cure, which included the use of massage?
kkk k k k k k k k k k k k
a. Johann Mezger
kkk k
b. Pehr H. Ling
kkk k k
c. George Henry Taylor
kkk k k
d. John Harvey Kellogg
kkk k k
TESTBANKSELLER.COM
, TESTBANKSELLER.COM
ANS: B kk
Ling developed his own system of medical or Swedish gymnastics and exercise, known as the
k k k k k k k k k k k k k k
Ling System, Swedish Movements, or Swedish Movement Cure. The term Swedish massage
k k k k k k k k k k k
was used to describe the massage component of Ling’s system.
k k k k k k k k k
14. Which term describes a component of the Ling System?
kkk k k k k k k k k
a. Shiatsu kkk
b. Ayurveda kkk
c. Thai massage
kkk k
d. Swedish massage
kkk k
ANS: D kk
The term “Swedish massage” was used to describe the massage component of Ling’s system. Fo
k k k k k k k k k k k k k k
r this reason, Ling is often regarded as the father of Swedish massage.
k k k k k k k k k k k k
15. Which individual is credited with having introduced French terms still in use to describe ma
kkk k k k k k k k k k k k k k k
ssage techniques? k
a. Johann Mezger b
kkk k k
. William Harvey c.
kkk k k
Pehr H. Ling
kkk k k
d. Charles Taylor
kkk k
ANS: A kk
The Dutch physician Johann Mezger (1838–
k k k k k
1909) is credited with having introduced the French terminology still used to describe massage t
k k k k k k k k k k k k k k
echniques (e.g., effleurage, pétrissage, tapotement) that are currently used in massage legislatio
k k k k k k k k k k k
n and massage curricula. French was the international language in the nineteenth century.
k k k k k k k k k k k k
TESTBANKSELLER.COM
16. Who is the founder of modern nursing, which included massage as part of care?
kkk k k k k k k k k k k k k k
a. Tiffany Field
kkk k
b. Florence Nightingale
kkk k
c. Charles Fayette Taylor
kkk k k
d. John Harvey Kellogg
kkk k k
ANS: B kk
Florence Nightingale (1829- k k
1910) from England was the founder of modern nursing. She assumed patient care in hospit
k k k k k k k k k k k k k k
als in Turkey during the Crimean War (1853-
k k k k k k k
1856). She developed a standard of care for soldiers, which massage was an integral part of.
k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k
17. French physician Lucas-
kkk k k
Championniere used massage and exercise to treat soldiers injured during which event? k k k k k k k k k k k
a. World War I b.
kkk k k k
World War II c.
kkk k k k kk
kCivil War k
d. Viet Nam War
kkk k k
ANS: A kk
World War I provided countless opportunities for the use of massage and exercise to reha
k k k k k k k k k k k k k k
bilitate injured soldiers. French physician Just Lucas-Championniere (1843-
k k k k k k k
1913) advocated for the use of massage and passive movements to treat soft tissue injurie
k k k k k k k k k k k k k k
s, particularly fractures.
k k
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