Solution Manual for Statistics for Nursing Research A Workbook for
Evidence-Based Practice 3rd Edition Susan Grove Daisha
Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded
Measurement: Nominal, 1
The |questions |are |in |bold |followed |by |answers.
1. In |Table |1, |identify |the |level |of |measurement |for |the |current |therapy |variable. |Provide |a
|rationale |for |your |answer.
Answer: |The |current |therapy |variable |was |measured |at |the |nominal |level. |These |drug |categories
|were |probably |developed |to |be |exhaustive |for |this |study |and |included |the |categories |of |drugs |the
|subjects |were |receiving. |However, |the |categories |are |not |exclusive, |since |patients |are |usually |on
|more |than |one |category |of |these |drugs |to |manage |their |health |problems. |The |current |therapies |are
|not |m easured |at |the |ordinal |level |because |they |cannot |be |rank |ordered, |since |no |drug |category |can |be
|considered |more |or |less |beneficial |than |another |drug |category |(see |Figure |1-1; |Grove |& |Gray,
|2019).
2. What |is |the |mode |for |the |current |therapy |variable |in |this |study? |Provide |a |rationale |for
| your |answer.
Answer: |The |mode |for |current |therapy |was |β |blocker. |A |total | of |100 |(94%) |of |the |cardiac |patients
were | receiving | this | category | of | drug, | which | was | the | most | common | prescribed | drug | for | this
|sample.
3. What |statistics |were |conducted |to |describe |the |BMI |of |the |cardiac |patients |in |this |sample?
|Discuss |whether |these |analysis |techniques |were |appropriate |or |inappropriate.
Answer: |BMI |was |described |with |a |mean |and |standard |deviation |(SD). |BMI |measurement |resulted |in
|ratio-level |data |with |continuous |values |and |an |absolute |zero |(Stone |& |Frazier, |2017). |Ratio-
|level |data |should |be |analyzed |with |parametric |statistics |such |as |the |mean |and |SD |(Grove |& |Gray,
|2017; |Knapp, |2017).
4. Researchers |used |the |following |item |to |measure |registered |nurses’ |(RNs) |income |in |a |study:
| What |category |identifies |your |current |income |as |an |RN?
a. Less |than |$50,000
b. $50,000 |to |59,999
c. $60,000 |to |69,999
d. $70,000 |to |80,000
e. $80,000 |or |greater
What |level |of |measurement |is |this |income |variable? |Does |the |income |variable |follow |the
,|rules |outlined |in |Figure |1-1? |Provide |a |rationale |for |your |answer.
Answer: |In |this |example, |the |income |variable |is |measured |at |the |ordinal |level. |The |income |catego- |ries
| are | exhaustive, | ranging | from | less | than | $50,000 | to | greater | than | $80,000. | The | two | open-ended
AG |1-1
,AG |1-2 Answer |Guidelines |for |Questions |to |Be |Graded
categories |ensure |that |all |salary |levels |are |covered. |The |categories |are |not |exclusive, |since |catego-
|ries |(d) |and |(e) |include |an |$80,000 |salary, |so |study |participants |making |$80,000 |might |mark
|either |(d) |or |(e) |or |both |categories, |resulting |in |erroneous |data. |Category |(e) |could |be |changed | to
|greater |than |$80,000, |making |the |categories |exclusive. |The |categories |can |be |rank |ordered |from
|the |lowest |salary |to |the |highest |salary, |which |is |consistent |with |ordinal |data |(Grove |& |Gray,
|2019; |Waltz |et |al., |2017).
5. What |level |of |measurement |is |the |CDS |score? |Provide |a |rationale |for |your |answer.
Answer: |The |CDS |score |is |at |the |interval |level |of |measurement. |The |CDS |is |a |26-item |Likert
|scale |developed |to |measure |depression |in |cardiac |patients. |Study |participants |rated |their |symp-
|toms |on |a |scale |of |1 |to |7, |with |higher |numbers |indicating |increased |severity |in |the |depression
|symptoms. |The |total |scores |for |each |subject |obtained |from |this |multi-item |scale |are |considered
|to |be |at |the |interval |level |of |measurement |(Gray |et |al., |2017; |Waltz |et |al., |2017).
5. | Were |nonparametric |or |parametric |analysis |techniques |used |to |analyze |the |CDS |scores |for
|the |cardiac |patients |in |this |study? |Provide |a |rationale |for |your |answer.
Answer: |Parametric |statistics, |such |as |mean |and |SD, |were |conducted |to |describe |CDS |scores | for
|study |participants |(see |Table |1). |CDS |scores |are |interval-level |data |as |indicated |in |Questions |5, |so
|parametric |statistics |are |appropriate |for |this |level |of |data |(Gray |et |al., |2017; |Kim |& |Mallory,
|2017).
7. | Is |the |prevalence |of |depression |linked |to |the |NYHA |class? |Discuss |the |clinical |importance
|of |this |result.
Answer: |The |study |narrative |indicated |that |the |prevalence |of |depression |increased |with |the
|greater |NYHA |class. |I n |N YHA |class |III, |64% |of |the |subjects |were |depressed, |whereas |11% |of |the
|subjects |were |depressed |in |NYHA |class |I. |Thus, |as |the |NYHA |class |increased, |the |number |of |sub-
|jects |with |depression |increased. |This |is |an |expected |finding |because |as |the |NYHA |class |increases,
|cardiac |patients |have |m ore |severe |physical |symptoms, |which |usually |r esult |in |emotional |distress,
|such |as |depression. |Nurses |need |to |actively |assess |cardiac |patients |for |depression, |especially |those | in
|higher |NYHA |classes, |so |they |might |be |diagnosed |and |treated |as |needed.
8. | What |frequency |and |percent |of |cardiac |patients |in |this |study |were |not |being |treated |with
|an |antidepressant? |Show |your |calculations |and |round |your |answer |to |the |nearest |whole
|percent |(%).
Answer: | A | total | of | 106 | cardiac | patients | participated | in | this | study. | The | sample
| included | 15 | patients | who | were | receiving | an | antidepressant | (see | Table | 1). | The
| number | of | cardiac |patients | not | treated | for | depression | was | 91 | (106 | – | 15 | = |91). | The
| group | percent | is | calculated |by | the | following | formula: | (group | frequency | ÷ |total | sample
| size) | × |100%. | For | this | study, |(91 | patients | ÷ |106 | sample | size) | × |100% | = |0.858 | ×
|100% | = |85.8% | = |86%. | The | final |answer | is | rounded | to | the | nearest | whole | percent | as
| directed | in | the | question. | You | could | have |also |subtracted |the |14% |of |patients |treated |with
|antidepressants |from |100% |and |obtained |the |86% |who |were |not |treated |with |an |antidepressant.
t. | What |was |the |purpose |of |the |5-minute |walk |test |(5MWT)? |Would |the |5MWT |be |useful |in
|clinical |practice?
Answer: |Ha |et |al. |(2018) |stated, |“The |6-min |walk |test |(6MWT) |is |a |measure |of |the |submaximal,
|steady-state |functional |capacity” |of |cardiac |patients. |This |test |would |be |a |quick, |easy |way |to
|determine | a | cardiac | patient’s | functional | status | in | a | clinical | setting. | This | functional
| status |score | could | be | used | to | determine | the | treatment | plan | to | promote | or | maintain
| functional | status |of |cardiac |patients.
, Answer |Guidelines |for |Questions |to |Be |Graded AG |1-3
10. | How |was |exercise |confidence |measured |in |this |study? |What |was |the |level |of |measurement
|for |the |exercise |confidence |variable |in |this |study? |Provide |a |rationale |for |your |answer.
|Answer: |Exercise |confidence |of |the |patients |with |heart |failure |(HF) |in |this |study |was |measured
|with |the |Exercise |Confidence |Scale |that |included |four |subscales |focused |on |walking, |climbing,
|lifting |objects |of |graded |weight, |and |running |(see |the |study |narrative). |This |was |a |rating |scale
|with |values |ranging |from |0 |to |100. |The |patients’ |scores |for |the |Total |Exercise |Confidence |scale |and
|the |subscales |were |considered |interval-level |data |and |analyzed |with |parametric |statistics, |such |as
|means |and |SDs |(see |the |study |narrative; |Waltz |et |al., |2017).
Evidence-Based Practice 3rd Edition Susan Grove Daisha
Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded
Measurement: Nominal, 1
The |questions |are |in |bold |followed |by |answers.
1. In |Table |1, |identify |the |level |of |measurement |for |the |current |therapy |variable. |Provide |a
|rationale |for |your |answer.
Answer: |The |current |therapy |variable |was |measured |at |the |nominal |level. |These |drug |categories
|were |probably |developed |to |be |exhaustive |for |this |study |and |included |the |categories |of |drugs |the
|subjects |were |receiving. |However, |the |categories |are |not |exclusive, |since |patients |are |usually |on
|more |than |one |category |of |these |drugs |to |manage |their |health |problems. |The |current |therapies |are
|not |m easured |at |the |ordinal |level |because |they |cannot |be |rank |ordered, |since |no |drug |category |can |be
|considered |more |or |less |beneficial |than |another |drug |category |(see |Figure |1-1; |Grove |& |Gray,
|2019).
2. What |is |the |mode |for |the |current |therapy |variable |in |this |study? |Provide |a |rationale |for
| your |answer.
Answer: |The |mode |for |current |therapy |was |β |blocker. |A |total | of |100 |(94%) |of |the |cardiac |patients
were | receiving | this | category | of | drug, | which | was | the | most | common | prescribed | drug | for | this
|sample.
3. What |statistics |were |conducted |to |describe |the |BMI |of |the |cardiac |patients |in |this |sample?
|Discuss |whether |these |analysis |techniques |were |appropriate |or |inappropriate.
Answer: |BMI |was |described |with |a |mean |and |standard |deviation |(SD). |BMI |measurement |resulted |in
|ratio-level |data |with |continuous |values |and |an |absolute |zero |(Stone |& |Frazier, |2017). |Ratio-
|level |data |should |be |analyzed |with |parametric |statistics |such |as |the |mean |and |SD |(Grove |& |Gray,
|2017; |Knapp, |2017).
4. Researchers |used |the |following |item |to |measure |registered |nurses’ |(RNs) |income |in |a |study:
| What |category |identifies |your |current |income |as |an |RN?
a. Less |than |$50,000
b. $50,000 |to |59,999
c. $60,000 |to |69,999
d. $70,000 |to |80,000
e. $80,000 |or |greater
What |level |of |measurement |is |this |income |variable? |Does |the |income |variable |follow |the
,|rules |outlined |in |Figure |1-1? |Provide |a |rationale |for |your |answer.
Answer: |In |this |example, |the |income |variable |is |measured |at |the |ordinal |level. |The |income |catego- |ries
| are | exhaustive, | ranging | from | less | than | $50,000 | to | greater | than | $80,000. | The | two | open-ended
AG |1-1
,AG |1-2 Answer |Guidelines |for |Questions |to |Be |Graded
categories |ensure |that |all |salary |levels |are |covered. |The |categories |are |not |exclusive, |since |catego-
|ries |(d) |and |(e) |include |an |$80,000 |salary, |so |study |participants |making |$80,000 |might |mark
|either |(d) |or |(e) |or |both |categories, |resulting |in |erroneous |data. |Category |(e) |could |be |changed | to
|greater |than |$80,000, |making |the |categories |exclusive. |The |categories |can |be |rank |ordered |from
|the |lowest |salary |to |the |highest |salary, |which |is |consistent |with |ordinal |data |(Grove |& |Gray,
|2019; |Waltz |et |al., |2017).
5. What |level |of |measurement |is |the |CDS |score? |Provide |a |rationale |for |your |answer.
Answer: |The |CDS |score |is |at |the |interval |level |of |measurement. |The |CDS |is |a |26-item |Likert
|scale |developed |to |measure |depression |in |cardiac |patients. |Study |participants |rated |their |symp-
|toms |on |a |scale |of |1 |to |7, |with |higher |numbers |indicating |increased |severity |in |the |depression
|symptoms. |The |total |scores |for |each |subject |obtained |from |this |multi-item |scale |are |considered
|to |be |at |the |interval |level |of |measurement |(Gray |et |al., |2017; |Waltz |et |al., |2017).
5. | Were |nonparametric |or |parametric |analysis |techniques |used |to |analyze |the |CDS |scores |for
|the |cardiac |patients |in |this |study? |Provide |a |rationale |for |your |answer.
Answer: |Parametric |statistics, |such |as |mean |and |SD, |were |conducted |to |describe |CDS |scores | for
|study |participants |(see |Table |1). |CDS |scores |are |interval-level |data |as |indicated |in |Questions |5, |so
|parametric |statistics |are |appropriate |for |this |level |of |data |(Gray |et |al., |2017; |Kim |& |Mallory,
|2017).
7. | Is |the |prevalence |of |depression |linked |to |the |NYHA |class? |Discuss |the |clinical |importance
|of |this |result.
Answer: |The |study |narrative |indicated |that |the |prevalence |of |depression |increased |with |the
|greater |NYHA |class. |I n |N YHA |class |III, |64% |of |the |subjects |were |depressed, |whereas |11% |of |the
|subjects |were |depressed |in |NYHA |class |I. |Thus, |as |the |NYHA |class |increased, |the |number |of |sub-
|jects |with |depression |increased. |This |is |an |expected |finding |because |as |the |NYHA |class |increases,
|cardiac |patients |have |m ore |severe |physical |symptoms, |which |usually |r esult |in |emotional |distress,
|such |as |depression. |Nurses |need |to |actively |assess |cardiac |patients |for |depression, |especially |those | in
|higher |NYHA |classes, |so |they |might |be |diagnosed |and |treated |as |needed.
8. | What |frequency |and |percent |of |cardiac |patients |in |this |study |were |not |being |treated |with
|an |antidepressant? |Show |your |calculations |and |round |your |answer |to |the |nearest |whole
|percent |(%).
Answer: | A | total | of | 106 | cardiac | patients | participated | in | this | study. | The | sample
| included | 15 | patients | who | were | receiving | an | antidepressant | (see | Table | 1). | The
| number | of | cardiac |patients | not | treated | for | depression | was | 91 | (106 | – | 15 | = |91). | The
| group | percent | is | calculated |by | the | following | formula: | (group | frequency | ÷ |total | sample
| size) | × |100%. | For | this | study, |(91 | patients | ÷ |106 | sample | size) | × |100% | = |0.858 | ×
|100% | = |85.8% | = |86%. | The | final |answer | is | rounded | to | the | nearest | whole | percent | as
| directed | in | the | question. | You | could | have |also |subtracted |the |14% |of |patients |treated |with
|antidepressants |from |100% |and |obtained |the |86% |who |were |not |treated |with |an |antidepressant.
t. | What |was |the |purpose |of |the |5-minute |walk |test |(5MWT)? |Would |the |5MWT |be |useful |in
|clinical |practice?
Answer: |Ha |et |al. |(2018) |stated, |“The |6-min |walk |test |(6MWT) |is |a |measure |of |the |submaximal,
|steady-state |functional |capacity” |of |cardiac |patients. |This |test |would |be |a |quick, |easy |way |to
|determine | a | cardiac | patient’s | functional | status | in | a | clinical | setting. | This | functional
| status |score | could | be | used | to | determine | the | treatment | plan | to | promote | or | maintain
| functional | status |of |cardiac |patients.
, Answer |Guidelines |for |Questions |to |Be |Graded AG |1-3
10. | How |was |exercise |confidence |measured |in |this |study? |What |was |the |level |of |measurement
|for |the |exercise |confidence |variable |in |this |study? |Provide |a |rationale |for |your |answer.
|Answer: |Exercise |confidence |of |the |patients |with |heart |failure |(HF) |in |this |study |was |measured
|with |the |Exercise |Confidence |Scale |that |included |four |subscales |focused |on |walking, |climbing,
|lifting |objects |of |graded |weight, |and |running |(see |the |study |narrative). |This |was |a |rating |scale
|with |values |ranging |from |0 |to |100. |The |patients’ |scores |for |the |Total |Exercise |Confidence |scale |and
|the |subscales |were |considered |interval-level |data |and |analyzed |with |parametric |statistics, |such |as
|means |and |SDs |(see |the |study |narrative; |Waltz |et |al., |2017).
