NUSCTX 10, Midterm 2 - UC Berkeley
UPDATED ACTUAL Exam Questions and
CORRECT Answers
Fat-Soluble Vitamins - CORRECT ANSWER - Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Vitamin K
Water-Soluble Vitamins - CORRECT ANSWER - B complex plus vitamin C
Required in diet
Act as enzyme cofactors
Deficiencies used to be common
People on poor diets often deficient in multiple vitamins
B Vitamins - CORRECT ANSWER - Thiamin (B1)
Riboflavin (B2)
Niacin (B3)
Biotin
Pantothenic Acid
Vitamin B6
Folate
Vitamin B12
Dietary Reference Intakes - CORRECT ANSWER - Adequate Intake
Tolerable Upper-Intake Level
Estimated Average Requirement
Recommended Dietary Allowance
,Properties of Water Soluble Vitamins - CORRECT ANSWER - Dissolve in water
No real stores
Readily excreted
Function: coenzymes and antioxidants
Absorbed by portal system
Not required daily
High doses can be toxic
Subject to cooking and food storage losses
Properties of Fat Soluble Vitamins - CORRECT ANSWER - Fat soluble
Stored in tissues
Remain in adipose and liver
Function: hormones, blood clotting, antioxidants
Absorbed by lymphatic system with fats (chylomicrons)
Not required daily
High doses can be toxic
Digestion of fat soluble vitamins - CORRECT ANSWER - Require bile acids for
absorption
Require digestive enzymes for absorption
Absorbed in the similar manner of fats
Little vitamin K production by gut bacteria
Retinol - CORRECT ANSWER - Vitamin A
,Retinal - CORRECT ANSWER - Visual Cycle
Retinoids - CORRECT ANSWER - Support development, growth, reproduction
Epithelia (skin, respiratory, and digestive systems)
Immune System
Nervous System
Vitamin A in the Liver - CORRECT ANSWER - Liver breaks down some vitamin A into
retinoic acid and saves the rest for storage
Retinoic Acid - CORRECT ANSWER - Reproduction
Nervous System
Epithelia (skin)
Immune Function
Recommended Dietary Allowance of Vitamin A - CORRECT ANSWER - 0.3 mg to 1.3
mg: age, sex, pregnancy, lactation
Toxic Intake - CORRECT ANSWER - 100 fold > RDA in adults
20 fold > in children
Vitamin K - CORRECT ANSWER - Koagulation
, Mechanism of Vitamin K Action - CORRECT ANSWER - i) Targeted Protein (e.g.
prothrombin)
ii) Vitamin K-dependent enzyme
iii) Modified Protein Binds Ca++(e.g. thrombin)
Vitamin K-Dependent Enzymes - CORRECT ANSWER - Activate specific target proteins
by enabling them to bind to calcium.
Vitamin K Functions - CORRECT ANSWER - Essential for activating proteins required
for:
Blood clotting
Blood vessel repair
Bone density
Preventing soft-tissue calcification
Warfarin - CORRECT ANSWER - A vitamin K antagonist that retards blood coagulation
Vitamin E - CORRECT ANSWER - Most potent lipid-soluble anti-oxidant known.
Vitamin E protects polyunsaturated fatty acids from oxidative damage.
Vitamin E protects membranes and low density lipoproteins from oxidative damage
Vitamin D - CORRECT ANSWER - Cholecalciferol
The sunshine vitamin
Vitamin D Synthesis and Metabolic Activation - CORRECT ANSWER - Pre-Vitamin D3
Vitamin D3
UPDATED ACTUAL Exam Questions and
CORRECT Answers
Fat-Soluble Vitamins - CORRECT ANSWER - Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Vitamin K
Water-Soluble Vitamins - CORRECT ANSWER - B complex plus vitamin C
Required in diet
Act as enzyme cofactors
Deficiencies used to be common
People on poor diets often deficient in multiple vitamins
B Vitamins - CORRECT ANSWER - Thiamin (B1)
Riboflavin (B2)
Niacin (B3)
Biotin
Pantothenic Acid
Vitamin B6
Folate
Vitamin B12
Dietary Reference Intakes - CORRECT ANSWER - Adequate Intake
Tolerable Upper-Intake Level
Estimated Average Requirement
Recommended Dietary Allowance
,Properties of Water Soluble Vitamins - CORRECT ANSWER - Dissolve in water
No real stores
Readily excreted
Function: coenzymes and antioxidants
Absorbed by portal system
Not required daily
High doses can be toxic
Subject to cooking and food storage losses
Properties of Fat Soluble Vitamins - CORRECT ANSWER - Fat soluble
Stored in tissues
Remain in adipose and liver
Function: hormones, blood clotting, antioxidants
Absorbed by lymphatic system with fats (chylomicrons)
Not required daily
High doses can be toxic
Digestion of fat soluble vitamins - CORRECT ANSWER - Require bile acids for
absorption
Require digestive enzymes for absorption
Absorbed in the similar manner of fats
Little vitamin K production by gut bacteria
Retinol - CORRECT ANSWER - Vitamin A
,Retinal - CORRECT ANSWER - Visual Cycle
Retinoids - CORRECT ANSWER - Support development, growth, reproduction
Epithelia (skin, respiratory, and digestive systems)
Immune System
Nervous System
Vitamin A in the Liver - CORRECT ANSWER - Liver breaks down some vitamin A into
retinoic acid and saves the rest for storage
Retinoic Acid - CORRECT ANSWER - Reproduction
Nervous System
Epithelia (skin)
Immune Function
Recommended Dietary Allowance of Vitamin A - CORRECT ANSWER - 0.3 mg to 1.3
mg: age, sex, pregnancy, lactation
Toxic Intake - CORRECT ANSWER - 100 fold > RDA in adults
20 fold > in children
Vitamin K - CORRECT ANSWER - Koagulation
, Mechanism of Vitamin K Action - CORRECT ANSWER - i) Targeted Protein (e.g.
prothrombin)
ii) Vitamin K-dependent enzyme
iii) Modified Protein Binds Ca++(e.g. thrombin)
Vitamin K-Dependent Enzymes - CORRECT ANSWER - Activate specific target proteins
by enabling them to bind to calcium.
Vitamin K Functions - CORRECT ANSWER - Essential for activating proteins required
for:
Blood clotting
Blood vessel repair
Bone density
Preventing soft-tissue calcification
Warfarin - CORRECT ANSWER - A vitamin K antagonist that retards blood coagulation
Vitamin E - CORRECT ANSWER - Most potent lipid-soluble anti-oxidant known.
Vitamin E protects polyunsaturated fatty acids from oxidative damage.
Vitamin E protects membranes and low density lipoproteins from oxidative damage
Vitamin D - CORRECT ANSWER - Cholecalciferol
The sunshine vitamin
Vitamin D Synthesis and Metabolic Activation - CORRECT ANSWER - Pre-Vitamin D3
Vitamin D3
