Unit One: Diversity of Living Things
Why do we identify, name and classify species?
- We do this to allow people to define, identify, and name organism
Why is it important?
- Doctors must identify infectious organisms
- Edible and medicinal plants must be correctly identified
Species: a group of organisms that resemble one another physically, behavioral, and
genetically and that can interbreed under natural conditions to produce fertile offspring.
Identify using species concept
Morphological Species Concept
- Focuses on morphology (structure of form of organism)
Biological Species Concept
- Defines species based on the basis whether 2 organisms can produce fertile offsprings
Phylogenetic Species Concept
- Examines the phylogeny (evolutionary history) of organisms
Classification: the grouping of organisms based on a set of criteria that helps to organize and
indicate evolutionary relationships
Reasons for classification
- Accurately and uniformly names organisms
- Shows evolutionary relationships
- Prevents duplicate names
Hierarchy: arranges items above, below, or at the same level as other items in the group.
Hierarchical classification: c;assofoes organisms by arranging species based on categories
from most general to most specific. This is known as a nested system (provides more info).
Taxonomic categories are used to classify organisms that have been identified, arranged in
hierarchy
Each taxonomic category is know as a rank
The particular classification of an organism at each rank is called a taxon
, There are 8 ranks, domain being the most general containing the most species. Species rank is
specific to one species.
Mnemonic device: Dumb King Philip Came Over For Gooseberry Soup = Domain,
Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
Taxonomy: identification, classification, and naming of species. Carolus Linnaeus is referred
to as the father of taxonomy. He is credited with developing the system for naming species
called Binomial nomenclature.
Binomial Nomenclature: refers to the 2 part naming system. The 1st word is the genus, the
2nd word is the species name. Scientific name is italicized with the genus name capitalized
and the species name in lower case. When the name is written by hand both parts are
underlined.
Determining How Species are Related
Modern classification uses morphological similarities and evolutionary history to assign a
species to a taxa
Species that have many anatomical, physiological and molecular (DNA) characteristic in
common are thought to share a common evolutionary ancestor
Anatomical Evidence of Relationships
Anatomy is the study and form of organisms (including internal systems); it is a branch of
morphology
Physiological Evidence of Relationship
Physiology is the study of functioning organisms, it deals with physical and chemical
function including their biochemistry and internal processes. Taxonomists use the data on the
physical and chemical functions of an organism to classify it.
Phylogenetic Tree: A phylogenetic tree is a branching diagram used to show the evolutionary
relationships among species.
Classification can assist in the discovery of new drugs, and environmental conservation of
organisms.
Kingdoms and Domains
Why do we identify, name and classify species?
- We do this to allow people to define, identify, and name organism
Why is it important?
- Doctors must identify infectious organisms
- Edible and medicinal plants must be correctly identified
Species: a group of organisms that resemble one another physically, behavioral, and
genetically and that can interbreed under natural conditions to produce fertile offspring.
Identify using species concept
Morphological Species Concept
- Focuses on morphology (structure of form of organism)
Biological Species Concept
- Defines species based on the basis whether 2 organisms can produce fertile offsprings
Phylogenetic Species Concept
- Examines the phylogeny (evolutionary history) of organisms
Classification: the grouping of organisms based on a set of criteria that helps to organize and
indicate evolutionary relationships
Reasons for classification
- Accurately and uniformly names organisms
- Shows evolutionary relationships
- Prevents duplicate names
Hierarchy: arranges items above, below, or at the same level as other items in the group.
Hierarchical classification: c;assofoes organisms by arranging species based on categories
from most general to most specific. This is known as a nested system (provides more info).
Taxonomic categories are used to classify organisms that have been identified, arranged in
hierarchy
Each taxonomic category is know as a rank
The particular classification of an organism at each rank is called a taxon
, There are 8 ranks, domain being the most general containing the most species. Species rank is
specific to one species.
Mnemonic device: Dumb King Philip Came Over For Gooseberry Soup = Domain,
Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
Taxonomy: identification, classification, and naming of species. Carolus Linnaeus is referred
to as the father of taxonomy. He is credited with developing the system for naming species
called Binomial nomenclature.
Binomial Nomenclature: refers to the 2 part naming system. The 1st word is the genus, the
2nd word is the species name. Scientific name is italicized with the genus name capitalized
and the species name in lower case. When the name is written by hand both parts are
underlined.
Determining How Species are Related
Modern classification uses morphological similarities and evolutionary history to assign a
species to a taxa
Species that have many anatomical, physiological and molecular (DNA) characteristic in
common are thought to share a common evolutionary ancestor
Anatomical Evidence of Relationships
Anatomy is the study and form of organisms (including internal systems); it is a branch of
morphology
Physiological Evidence of Relationship
Physiology is the study of functioning organisms, it deals with physical and chemical
function including their biochemistry and internal processes. Taxonomists use the data on the
physical and chemical functions of an organism to classify it.
Phylogenetic Tree: A phylogenetic tree is a branching diagram used to show the evolutionary
relationships among species.
Classification can assist in the discovery of new drugs, and environmental conservation of
organisms.
Kingdoms and Domains
