PHIL 101 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE
a priori - Answers - prior to experience. often used to describe a proposition, argument,
or value that we can be certain is true without empirical verification, something derived
from pure reason
Albert Camus - Answers - A French existentialist known for essays and novels. He dealt
with what he felt was the absurd situation of human beings in which the world is
essentially irrational, yet we still need to find meaning within it.
Aristippus - Answers - ancient Greek philosopher. Follower of Socrates. believed
happiness consists in pleasure and is commonly associated with ethical doctrine of
hedonism
Aristotle - Answers - (384-322 BCE) Believed, unlike his teacher Plato, that
philosophers could rely on their senses to provide accurate information about the world.
Aristotle - Answers - Greek Philosopher and scientist, studied under Plato, taught
Alexander the Great, emphasized observation and analysis by the "four causes", said
virtue was the middle ground between extremes, men should seek to use their intellect
Aristotle - Answers - Greek philosopher who proposed theories to explain many aspects
of human behavior; supported the empiricist view that all knowledge comes from
sensory experiences
Aristotle - Answers - Greek philosopher who proposed theories to explain many aspects
of human behavior; supported the empiricist view that all knowledge comes from
sensory experiences
Aristotle - Answers - Greek philosopher. A pupil of Plato, the tutor of Alexander the
Great, and the author of works on logic, metaphysics, ethics, natural sciences, politics,
and poetics, he profoundly influenced Western thought. In his philosophical system,
which led him to criticize what he saw as Plato's metaphysical excesses, theory follows
empirical observation and logic, based on the syllogism, is the essential method of
rational inquiry.
Aristotle - Answers - was a pupil of Plato; did not accept Plato's theory of ideal forms
Aristotle - Answers - Who put forms into physical objects?
Baron D'Holbach - Answers - 1723-1789; "System of Nature"; argued humans were
essentially like machines, completely determined by outside forces (determinism); his
staunch atheism, determinism, and attacks on Christianity undermined the
Enlightenment
, categorical imperative - Answers - a maxim that commands moral obligation
independent of experience or consequences. it is derived from pure reason and always
carries overriding value.
Cogito ergo sum - Answers - I think therefore I am. Descarte
Compatibalism - Answers - Human actions are free if they are the result of internal
motivations, not the product of external influences or constraints
Compatibalism - Answers - The thesis that free will and Determinism is compatible. Soft
Determinism is a version of compatibalism. Hard determinism and Libertarianism are
incompatibalist theories. (if you decide based on internal constraints with no outside
influence then you have free will. If your decision is constrained by outside forces then
your decisions are determined.)
Compatibalism - Answers - The view that all events, including human actions, are
caused. However, we can consider human actions free if they are the result of internal
motivations, not the product of external influences or constraints
Cultural relativism - Answers - The view that cultural norms determine what is ethically
right and wrong
D'Holbach - Answers - Wrote "System of Nature", argued that humans were machines
governed by outside forces. He believed that free will, God, and immorality of the soul
were myths. Aggressively atheist.
D'Holbach's views - Answers - Determinist believed in no "free will" everything has a
cause. River analogy
Daniel C Dennett - Answers - (b. 1942-)the research of this American Philosopher
centers on the philosophy of mind. Particularly as it relates to evolutionary biology and
cognitive science (materialist)(compatibalism)
deductive - Answers - What kind of argument is a categorical syllogism?
deontology - Answers - the ethical view that moral value is determined by fulfilling one's
duty
Descartes concept of the soul - Answers - An eternal "thinking thing" that is attached to
the Pineal Gland in the brain. (mind body dualism)
Descriptive ethics - Answers - An ethical approach that simply represents ethical beliefs
without evaluating their accuracy or appropriateness
Determinism - Answers - The doctrine that every event has a cause. Such a doctrine
seems to preclude human freedom by explaining all human behavior in terms of chains
a priori - Answers - prior to experience. often used to describe a proposition, argument,
or value that we can be certain is true without empirical verification, something derived
from pure reason
Albert Camus - Answers - A French existentialist known for essays and novels. He dealt
with what he felt was the absurd situation of human beings in which the world is
essentially irrational, yet we still need to find meaning within it.
Aristippus - Answers - ancient Greek philosopher. Follower of Socrates. believed
happiness consists in pleasure and is commonly associated with ethical doctrine of
hedonism
Aristotle - Answers - (384-322 BCE) Believed, unlike his teacher Plato, that
philosophers could rely on their senses to provide accurate information about the world.
Aristotle - Answers - Greek Philosopher and scientist, studied under Plato, taught
Alexander the Great, emphasized observation and analysis by the "four causes", said
virtue was the middle ground between extremes, men should seek to use their intellect
Aristotle - Answers - Greek philosopher who proposed theories to explain many aspects
of human behavior; supported the empiricist view that all knowledge comes from
sensory experiences
Aristotle - Answers - Greek philosopher who proposed theories to explain many aspects
of human behavior; supported the empiricist view that all knowledge comes from
sensory experiences
Aristotle - Answers - Greek philosopher. A pupil of Plato, the tutor of Alexander the
Great, and the author of works on logic, metaphysics, ethics, natural sciences, politics,
and poetics, he profoundly influenced Western thought. In his philosophical system,
which led him to criticize what he saw as Plato's metaphysical excesses, theory follows
empirical observation and logic, based on the syllogism, is the essential method of
rational inquiry.
Aristotle - Answers - was a pupil of Plato; did not accept Plato's theory of ideal forms
Aristotle - Answers - Who put forms into physical objects?
Baron D'Holbach - Answers - 1723-1789; "System of Nature"; argued humans were
essentially like machines, completely determined by outside forces (determinism); his
staunch atheism, determinism, and attacks on Christianity undermined the
Enlightenment
, categorical imperative - Answers - a maxim that commands moral obligation
independent of experience or consequences. it is derived from pure reason and always
carries overriding value.
Cogito ergo sum - Answers - I think therefore I am. Descarte
Compatibalism - Answers - Human actions are free if they are the result of internal
motivations, not the product of external influences or constraints
Compatibalism - Answers - The thesis that free will and Determinism is compatible. Soft
Determinism is a version of compatibalism. Hard determinism and Libertarianism are
incompatibalist theories. (if you decide based on internal constraints with no outside
influence then you have free will. If your decision is constrained by outside forces then
your decisions are determined.)
Compatibalism - Answers - The view that all events, including human actions, are
caused. However, we can consider human actions free if they are the result of internal
motivations, not the product of external influences or constraints
Cultural relativism - Answers - The view that cultural norms determine what is ethically
right and wrong
D'Holbach - Answers - Wrote "System of Nature", argued that humans were machines
governed by outside forces. He believed that free will, God, and immorality of the soul
were myths. Aggressively atheist.
D'Holbach's views - Answers - Determinist believed in no "free will" everything has a
cause. River analogy
Daniel C Dennett - Answers - (b. 1942-)the research of this American Philosopher
centers on the philosophy of mind. Particularly as it relates to evolutionary biology and
cognitive science (materialist)(compatibalism)
deductive - Answers - What kind of argument is a categorical syllogism?
deontology - Answers - the ethical view that moral value is determined by fulfilling one's
duty
Descartes concept of the soul - Answers - An eternal "thinking thing" that is attached to
the Pineal Gland in the brain. (mind body dualism)
Descriptive ethics - Answers - An ethical approach that simply represents ethical beliefs
without evaluating their accuracy or appropriateness
Determinism - Answers - The doctrine that every event has a cause. Such a doctrine
seems to preclude human freedom by explaining all human behavior in terms of chains
