ANP 1115- Metabolism
Adrenal Gland - ANS 1. Epinephrine from adrenal medulla: stimulates glycogenolysis, lipolysis
& fat mobilization, and gluconeogenesis
2. Adrenal Cortex: secretes glucocorticoid cortisol (essential to life), stimulates lipolysis & fat
mobilization, gluconeogenesis and protein catabolism
\Anabolic metabolic processes - ANS - building molecules (macromolecules)
\Antioxidant Vitamins - ANS - A, C, E
- disarm tissue-damaging free radicals (highly reactive with unpaired electrons)
- protect against tissue damage, chronic diseases and cancer
\Appetite and Appetite control - ANS - appetite: desire for specific types of food, dependent on
memory and association, can be due to hunger or emotional or environmental conditions,
doesn't always reflect body's caloric needs
- hunger: a physiological need to eat to maintain energy levels
- Satiety: satisfaction of hunger
- Current theories of appetite regulation are focused on neural signals from the GI tract,
hormones, blood levels of nutrients
\Behavioural modifications (heat conservation) - ANS - putting on warm clothes
- drinking warm drinks
- exercising
- changing posture to conserve heat
\Behavioural Modifications (heat loss) - ANS - reducing physical activity
- moving to shade
- increasing convection (fan)
- wearing light coloured clothes or loose fitting clothes
\Body Temperature - ANS - balance between heat production and loss
- vigorous exercise: heat produced by skeletal muscles can be 30-40x that of the rest of the
body
- physical activity is a key way of modifying physical activity
- body temp is 37 Celsius (35.8-38.20)
- higher body temps are dangerous (limit for life is 43)
- cooling is tolerated by body much better
\Calcitonin - ANS - from parafollicular cells (C cells) of thyroid gland
- lowers blood Ca
- inhibits bone restoration, stimulates Ca2+ uptake and incorporation into bone
- Increase in blood Ca = calcitonin secreted
- decrease in blood Ca - inhibited calcitonin
- important during childhood
\Catabolic metabolic process - ANS - breaking down molecules
- glycolysis (glucose to pyruvate)
\Catabolism of cellular proteins - ANS - last resort
- prolonged fasting (glycogen and fat stores are depleted) or stress (secretion of glucocorticoids)
, - amino acids deaminated and converted to glucose in liver
\Conduction - ANS - transfer of heat between objects in direct contact
- needs molecule-to-molecule contact
- thermal energy must move through a material medium (sweating on chair, body warming up in
hot bath)
\Congenital Iodine Deficiency syndrome - ANS -infant hypothyroidism caused by genetic
deficiency or inadequate intake of iodine by mother
- thyroid hormone important for development of the NS and skeletal systems so individuals are
short, have disproportionate bodies
- can cause intellectual disability
\Convection - ANS - warm air rises and is replaced by cool air (more dense)
- cool air absorbs heat more rapidly than warm air
- enhanced by any process which moves air more rapidly across body surface (wind or fan)
\Core Temperature - ANS - organs within skull, thoracic and abdominal cavities
- highest temperatures (rectum is best measure)
- if heat must be conserved, blood will bypass skin in order to keep heat in core
- core temperature remains pretty constant
\Diabetes Mellitus - ANS - metabolic disorder due to lack/absence of insulin, insulin resistance
or both
- glucose cannot be used properly leading to altered metabolism of fats and proteins
1) Type 1: insulin-dependent- destruction of beta cells
2) Type 2: non-insulin dependent- insulin resistance leading to reduced insulin levels
\Dietary induced thermogenesis (DIT) - ANS - energy consumed to digest food results in rapid
increase in TMR (esp. if high is protein)
- primarily due to increased metabolic activity of liver
\Energy intake, output and storage - ANS - Energy intake: energy liberated during food oxidation
(energy from bonds of food broken)
- Energy output: energy lost as heat + energy to do work (use ATP)
- Energy Storage: excess stored as fat or glycogen
- overall, large part of energy output is in the form of heat which warms tissues and blood and
allows metabolic reaction to occur at efficient levels
\Enhanced sweating - ANS - of the body is overheating, sweating is activated by SNS
- effective if surrounding air is dry (humid makes evaporation slower)
\enhanced thyroxine release - ANS - gradual lowering of external temp
- hypothalamus of infants release more TRH -> TSH (anterior, posterior) -> thyroid hormone (T3
and T4)
- this increases metabolic rate and body heat production which improves ability to maintain a
constant body temp as environment cools (fall to winter)
\Evaporation - ANS - water molecules absorb heat/obtain enough energy to escape a gas
molecule (heat of vaporization)
- water absorbs a lot of heat before vaporizing
- insensible water (and heat) loss: continuous evaporation of water from lungs, mouth, through
skin
Adrenal Gland - ANS 1. Epinephrine from adrenal medulla: stimulates glycogenolysis, lipolysis
& fat mobilization, and gluconeogenesis
2. Adrenal Cortex: secretes glucocorticoid cortisol (essential to life), stimulates lipolysis & fat
mobilization, gluconeogenesis and protein catabolism
\Anabolic metabolic processes - ANS - building molecules (macromolecules)
\Antioxidant Vitamins - ANS - A, C, E
- disarm tissue-damaging free radicals (highly reactive with unpaired electrons)
- protect against tissue damage, chronic diseases and cancer
\Appetite and Appetite control - ANS - appetite: desire for specific types of food, dependent on
memory and association, can be due to hunger or emotional or environmental conditions,
doesn't always reflect body's caloric needs
- hunger: a physiological need to eat to maintain energy levels
- Satiety: satisfaction of hunger
- Current theories of appetite regulation are focused on neural signals from the GI tract,
hormones, blood levels of nutrients
\Behavioural modifications (heat conservation) - ANS - putting on warm clothes
- drinking warm drinks
- exercising
- changing posture to conserve heat
\Behavioural Modifications (heat loss) - ANS - reducing physical activity
- moving to shade
- increasing convection (fan)
- wearing light coloured clothes or loose fitting clothes
\Body Temperature - ANS - balance between heat production and loss
- vigorous exercise: heat produced by skeletal muscles can be 30-40x that of the rest of the
body
- physical activity is a key way of modifying physical activity
- body temp is 37 Celsius (35.8-38.20)
- higher body temps are dangerous (limit for life is 43)
- cooling is tolerated by body much better
\Calcitonin - ANS - from parafollicular cells (C cells) of thyroid gland
- lowers blood Ca
- inhibits bone restoration, stimulates Ca2+ uptake and incorporation into bone
- Increase in blood Ca = calcitonin secreted
- decrease in blood Ca - inhibited calcitonin
- important during childhood
\Catabolic metabolic process - ANS - breaking down molecules
- glycolysis (glucose to pyruvate)
\Catabolism of cellular proteins - ANS - last resort
- prolonged fasting (glycogen and fat stores are depleted) or stress (secretion of glucocorticoids)
, - amino acids deaminated and converted to glucose in liver
\Conduction - ANS - transfer of heat between objects in direct contact
- needs molecule-to-molecule contact
- thermal energy must move through a material medium (sweating on chair, body warming up in
hot bath)
\Congenital Iodine Deficiency syndrome - ANS -infant hypothyroidism caused by genetic
deficiency or inadequate intake of iodine by mother
- thyroid hormone important for development of the NS and skeletal systems so individuals are
short, have disproportionate bodies
- can cause intellectual disability
\Convection - ANS - warm air rises and is replaced by cool air (more dense)
- cool air absorbs heat more rapidly than warm air
- enhanced by any process which moves air more rapidly across body surface (wind or fan)
\Core Temperature - ANS - organs within skull, thoracic and abdominal cavities
- highest temperatures (rectum is best measure)
- if heat must be conserved, blood will bypass skin in order to keep heat in core
- core temperature remains pretty constant
\Diabetes Mellitus - ANS - metabolic disorder due to lack/absence of insulin, insulin resistance
or both
- glucose cannot be used properly leading to altered metabolism of fats and proteins
1) Type 1: insulin-dependent- destruction of beta cells
2) Type 2: non-insulin dependent- insulin resistance leading to reduced insulin levels
\Dietary induced thermogenesis (DIT) - ANS - energy consumed to digest food results in rapid
increase in TMR (esp. if high is protein)
- primarily due to increased metabolic activity of liver
\Energy intake, output and storage - ANS - Energy intake: energy liberated during food oxidation
(energy from bonds of food broken)
- Energy output: energy lost as heat + energy to do work (use ATP)
- Energy Storage: excess stored as fat or glycogen
- overall, large part of energy output is in the form of heat which warms tissues and blood and
allows metabolic reaction to occur at efficient levels
\Enhanced sweating - ANS - of the body is overheating, sweating is activated by SNS
- effective if surrounding air is dry (humid makes evaporation slower)
\enhanced thyroxine release - ANS - gradual lowering of external temp
- hypothalamus of infants release more TRH -> TSH (anterior, posterior) -> thyroid hormone (T3
and T4)
- this increases metabolic rate and body heat production which improves ability to maintain a
constant body temp as environment cools (fall to winter)
\Evaporation - ANS - water molecules absorb heat/obtain enough energy to escape a gas
molecule (heat of vaporization)
- water absorbs a lot of heat before vaporizing
- insensible water (and heat) loss: continuous evaporation of water from lungs, mouth, through
skin
