biol 227 Exam Study Guide Questions with
Complete Solutions
Pulmonary circuit - ANS - Right side of heart; carries blood to the lungs for gas exchange and
returns it to the heart
- leaves through pulmonary trunk, artery
- comes through pulmonary veins
- goes into left atrium
Systemic circuit - ANS - left side of heart; supplies oxygenated blood to all tissues of the body
and returns it to the heart
- more blood vessels
- Enter Right atrium
- inferior and superior Vena cava
Left side of heart - ANS -Fully oxygenated blood arrives from lungs via pulmonary veins
-Blood sent to all organs of the body via aorta
Right side of heart - ANS -Oxygen-poor blood arrives from inferior and superior venae cavae
-Blood sent to lungs via pulmonary trunk (arteries)
Base of heart - ANS Wide, superior portion of heart, large vessels attack here
apex of the heart - ANS Tapered inferior end, tilts to the left
Pericardium - ANS -Double-layered membrane surrounding the heart.
- allows heart to beat without friction, provides room to expand, yet resists excessive expansion
- anchored to diaphragm inferiorly and sternum anteriorly
,- same as epicardium and visceral pericardium
- most deep
Parietal pericardium - ANS - Pericardial sac
- superficial fibrous layer of connective tissue
- deep, thin serous layer
Visceral pericardium (epicardium) - ANS - serous membrane that directly covers the heart
- adipose in thick layer in some places
- coronary blood vessels travel through this layer
Pericardial cavity - ANS Space inside the pericardial sac filled with 5 to 30 ml ot pericardial fluid
Pericarditis - ANS inflammation of the pericardium
Levels of the pericardium (superficial to deep) - ANS - Pericardial sac
- fibrous layer
- serous layer
- pericardial cavity
- epicardium
Myocardium - ANS - Layer of cardiac muscle proportional to work load
-muscle spirals around heart which produces wringing motion
*does all the work
*contract and put pressure on blood flow
*high to low pressure
,Endocardium - ANS - Smooth inner lining of heart and blood vessels
* slick internal lining allows for blood to flow easy
- covers the valves surfaces and is continuous with endothelium of blood vessels
* simple squamos epithelium
* expose to external environment through blood
* like epithelium
Fibrous skeleton of the heart - ANS - Framework of collagenous and elastic fibers
*prevents heart from over-expanding
- provides structural support and attachment for cardiac muscle and anchor for value tissue
- electrical insulation between atria and ventricles; important in timing and coordination of
contractile activity
* isolates electrical signals
Levels of the heart wall (superficial to deep) - ANS Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium
Right and left atria - ANS - Two superior chambers
* same size as ventricles volumetrically
* not a lot of myocardium
* can expand very much
- receive blood returning to heart
* the only place they have to apply pressure to ventricle valves
* No blood= collapsed
- Auricles (seen on surface) enlarge chamber
Right and left ventricles - ANS - Two inferior chambers
- pump blood into arteries
, * ton of myocardium; left has 3x as right
* apply pressure to blood
Atrioventricular sulcus - ANS Separates atria and ventricles externally/superficially
Interventricular sulcus - ANS Separates the two ventricles externally and overlies the
interventricular septum that divides the right ventricle from the left ventricle internally
* inter-ventricular septum: between right and left side of heart
- sulk contain coronary arteries
* lots of adipose tissue filling in sulcus
* adipose tissue provides energy source and provide cushion
interatrial septum and interventricular septum - ANS The atria are separated from each other
by a wall called the _____________ and the ventricles are separated by an _____________
Pectinate muscles - ANS Internal ridges of myocardium in right and left atrium
Trabeculae Carnae - ANS - Internal ridges in both ventricles
- may prevent ventricle walls from sticking together after contraction
Papillary muscles - ANS Music organization on the internal walls of the ventricles that are
associated with the atrioventricular values
*always associated with valves between atrium and ventricles
Atrioventricular (AV) valves - ANS -Control blood flow between atria and ventricles
- right AV value: tricuspid valve
- left AV valve: bicuspid value (mitral valve)
- Chordae tendineae: cords connect AV valves to papillary muscles on floor of ventricles
Complete Solutions
Pulmonary circuit - ANS - Right side of heart; carries blood to the lungs for gas exchange and
returns it to the heart
- leaves through pulmonary trunk, artery
- comes through pulmonary veins
- goes into left atrium
Systemic circuit - ANS - left side of heart; supplies oxygenated blood to all tissues of the body
and returns it to the heart
- more blood vessels
- Enter Right atrium
- inferior and superior Vena cava
Left side of heart - ANS -Fully oxygenated blood arrives from lungs via pulmonary veins
-Blood sent to all organs of the body via aorta
Right side of heart - ANS -Oxygen-poor blood arrives from inferior and superior venae cavae
-Blood sent to lungs via pulmonary trunk (arteries)
Base of heart - ANS Wide, superior portion of heart, large vessels attack here
apex of the heart - ANS Tapered inferior end, tilts to the left
Pericardium - ANS -Double-layered membrane surrounding the heart.
- allows heart to beat without friction, provides room to expand, yet resists excessive expansion
- anchored to diaphragm inferiorly and sternum anteriorly
,- same as epicardium and visceral pericardium
- most deep
Parietal pericardium - ANS - Pericardial sac
- superficial fibrous layer of connective tissue
- deep, thin serous layer
Visceral pericardium (epicardium) - ANS - serous membrane that directly covers the heart
- adipose in thick layer in some places
- coronary blood vessels travel through this layer
Pericardial cavity - ANS Space inside the pericardial sac filled with 5 to 30 ml ot pericardial fluid
Pericarditis - ANS inflammation of the pericardium
Levels of the pericardium (superficial to deep) - ANS - Pericardial sac
- fibrous layer
- serous layer
- pericardial cavity
- epicardium
Myocardium - ANS - Layer of cardiac muscle proportional to work load
-muscle spirals around heart which produces wringing motion
*does all the work
*contract and put pressure on blood flow
*high to low pressure
,Endocardium - ANS - Smooth inner lining of heart and blood vessels
* slick internal lining allows for blood to flow easy
- covers the valves surfaces and is continuous with endothelium of blood vessels
* simple squamos epithelium
* expose to external environment through blood
* like epithelium
Fibrous skeleton of the heart - ANS - Framework of collagenous and elastic fibers
*prevents heart from over-expanding
- provides structural support and attachment for cardiac muscle and anchor for value tissue
- electrical insulation between atria and ventricles; important in timing and coordination of
contractile activity
* isolates electrical signals
Levels of the heart wall (superficial to deep) - ANS Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium
Right and left atria - ANS - Two superior chambers
* same size as ventricles volumetrically
* not a lot of myocardium
* can expand very much
- receive blood returning to heart
* the only place they have to apply pressure to ventricle valves
* No blood= collapsed
- Auricles (seen on surface) enlarge chamber
Right and left ventricles - ANS - Two inferior chambers
- pump blood into arteries
, * ton of myocardium; left has 3x as right
* apply pressure to blood
Atrioventricular sulcus - ANS Separates atria and ventricles externally/superficially
Interventricular sulcus - ANS Separates the two ventricles externally and overlies the
interventricular septum that divides the right ventricle from the left ventricle internally
* inter-ventricular septum: between right and left side of heart
- sulk contain coronary arteries
* lots of adipose tissue filling in sulcus
* adipose tissue provides energy source and provide cushion
interatrial septum and interventricular septum - ANS The atria are separated from each other
by a wall called the _____________ and the ventricles are separated by an _____________
Pectinate muscles - ANS Internal ridges of myocardium in right and left atrium
Trabeculae Carnae - ANS - Internal ridges in both ventricles
- may prevent ventricle walls from sticking together after contraction
Papillary muscles - ANS Music organization on the internal walls of the ventricles that are
associated with the atrioventricular values
*always associated with valves between atrium and ventricles
Atrioventricular (AV) valves - ANS -Control blood flow between atria and ventricles
- right AV value: tricuspid valve
- left AV valve: bicuspid value (mitral valve)
- Chordae tendineae: cords connect AV valves to papillary muscles on floor of ventricles
