NGR6141 Advanced Patho - Exam 2 Objectives Questions
With Complete Solutions
10. What is brachytherapy? When would it be used? (chap12
p398) Correct Answers - Radiation sources, such as small I-
labeled capsules (seeds), that can also be temporarily placed into
body cavities, a delivery method termed brachytherapy.
- useful in the treatment of cervical,prostate, and head and neck
cancers.
11. What is meant by "caretaker genes"? (chap 12 p379)
Correct Answers - normal function is DNA and chromosome
stability
Protect and repair the genomes.
- They encode proteins that are involved in repairing damaged
DNA, such as occurs with errors in DNA replication, mutations
caused by ultraviolet or ionizing radiation, and mutations caused
by chemicals and drugs.
- Loss of function of these genes leads to increased mutation
rates.
- If DNA damage is severe, the cell undergoes programmed cell
death, or apoptosis, rather than simply dividing with damaged
DNA
- Loss of FX of these cells leads to inc mutation rates
12. Which sexually transmitted disease is associated with
cancer? Correct Answers - Virtually all cervical cancer is
caused by infection with
specific types of HPV, which infects basal skin cells and
commonly causes warts.
,- Cancer of the cervix and hepatocellular carcinoma account for
approximately 80% of the cases of virus-linked cancer.
- Hepatitis viruses Hepatitis B and C are associated with
Hepatocellular carcinoma.
- AIDS (HIV, herpesvirus type 8) can be linked to Non-Hodgkin
lymphoma, squamous cell carcinomas, and Kaposi sarcoma.
- HPV, gonorrhea, chlamydia are associated with Ovarian
carcinoma, cervical/anal carcinoma
13. When is cancer in children most likely to be identified?
Correct Answers - occurs mostly at peak times of physical
growth
most common, 13% found in ages 15-39, occurs in mesodermal
germ layer, give rise to connective tissue, bone, cartilage,
muscle, blood, gonad and lymphatic CA's
Most common Hodgkin Lymphoma, Melanoma, Testicular CA,
thyroid CA and Sarcoma
- more boys than girls, also 32% 0-15 yrs old
14 & 15. Be familiar with how the brain gets information and
how it responds in the following pathways:
a) Ascending Pathway:
b) Descending Pathway:
c) Afferent Pathway:
d) Efferent Pathway:
e) Somatic Nervous System (SNS):
, f) Sensory Neurons:
g) Motor Neurons: Correct Answers a) a nerve pathway the
goes upward from the s.cord to the brain carrying sensory
information, body—> brain
b) a nerve pathway downward from the brain to the body,
controls mov't, brain—> body
c) Sensory neurons, begins in PNS—> spinal gate in dorsal horn
—> ascend to higher centers in CNS, senses stimulus, sends info
to CNS
d) Motor Neurons, descend from CNS back to dorsal horn of
s.cord and modulate pain, Carry signals away from CNS,
initiates an action due to stimulus, CNS—>s.cord
e) part of the PNS, associated w/ voluntary control of mov't via
skeletal muscles; Afferent and efferent pathways.
f) transmit impulses from periph —> receptors in CNS
g) transit impulses from CNS—> to efferent organ
16) Can nerves regenerate? Correct Answers - when an axon is
severed a process called wallerian degeneration occurs
- distal to the cut: myelin sheath shrinks and disintegrates—>
axon portion degenerates and disappears distal to the cut
between the cut: the myelin sheath re-forms into schwann cells
that align into column between the cut and effector organ
With Complete Solutions
10. What is brachytherapy? When would it be used? (chap12
p398) Correct Answers - Radiation sources, such as small I-
labeled capsules (seeds), that can also be temporarily placed into
body cavities, a delivery method termed brachytherapy.
- useful in the treatment of cervical,prostate, and head and neck
cancers.
11. What is meant by "caretaker genes"? (chap 12 p379)
Correct Answers - normal function is DNA and chromosome
stability
Protect and repair the genomes.
- They encode proteins that are involved in repairing damaged
DNA, such as occurs with errors in DNA replication, mutations
caused by ultraviolet or ionizing radiation, and mutations caused
by chemicals and drugs.
- Loss of function of these genes leads to increased mutation
rates.
- If DNA damage is severe, the cell undergoes programmed cell
death, or apoptosis, rather than simply dividing with damaged
DNA
- Loss of FX of these cells leads to inc mutation rates
12. Which sexually transmitted disease is associated with
cancer? Correct Answers - Virtually all cervical cancer is
caused by infection with
specific types of HPV, which infects basal skin cells and
commonly causes warts.
,- Cancer of the cervix and hepatocellular carcinoma account for
approximately 80% of the cases of virus-linked cancer.
- Hepatitis viruses Hepatitis B and C are associated with
Hepatocellular carcinoma.
- AIDS (HIV, herpesvirus type 8) can be linked to Non-Hodgkin
lymphoma, squamous cell carcinomas, and Kaposi sarcoma.
- HPV, gonorrhea, chlamydia are associated with Ovarian
carcinoma, cervical/anal carcinoma
13. When is cancer in children most likely to be identified?
Correct Answers - occurs mostly at peak times of physical
growth
most common, 13% found in ages 15-39, occurs in mesodermal
germ layer, give rise to connective tissue, bone, cartilage,
muscle, blood, gonad and lymphatic CA's
Most common Hodgkin Lymphoma, Melanoma, Testicular CA,
thyroid CA and Sarcoma
- more boys than girls, also 32% 0-15 yrs old
14 & 15. Be familiar with how the brain gets information and
how it responds in the following pathways:
a) Ascending Pathway:
b) Descending Pathway:
c) Afferent Pathway:
d) Efferent Pathway:
e) Somatic Nervous System (SNS):
, f) Sensory Neurons:
g) Motor Neurons: Correct Answers a) a nerve pathway the
goes upward from the s.cord to the brain carrying sensory
information, body—> brain
b) a nerve pathway downward from the brain to the body,
controls mov't, brain—> body
c) Sensory neurons, begins in PNS—> spinal gate in dorsal horn
—> ascend to higher centers in CNS, senses stimulus, sends info
to CNS
d) Motor Neurons, descend from CNS back to dorsal horn of
s.cord and modulate pain, Carry signals away from CNS,
initiates an action due to stimulus, CNS—>s.cord
e) part of the PNS, associated w/ voluntary control of mov't via
skeletal muscles; Afferent and efferent pathways.
f) transmit impulses from periph —> receptors in CNS
g) transit impulses from CNS—> to efferent organ
16) Can nerves regenerate? Correct Answers - when an axon is
severed a process called wallerian degeneration occurs
- distal to the cut: myelin sheath shrinks and disintegrates—>
axon portion degenerates and disappears distal to the cut
between the cut: the myelin sheath re-forms into schwann cells
that align into column between the cut and effector organ
