For Public / Community Health and Nursing
Practice: Caring for Populations, 3rd Edition,
Christine L. Savage, Verified Chapters 1 - 22,
Complete Newest Version
Primary prevention interventions
· Conducted to prevent development of disease or injury in those who are
currently healthy.
· Vaccine administration
· General health promotion education, i.e., seat belts.
Secondary prevention interventions
· Aimed at early detection and initiation of treatment for disease, thus reducing
disease-associated morbidity and mortality.
· Screening – breast, cervical, prostate, colon cancer screenings, examining family
history for possible genetic disease
Tertiary prevention
The prevention of disability and premature death and, when indicated, the
initiation of rehabilitation for those diagnosed with disease. Helping clients
navigate their chronic disease.
Examples:
,· Ok so you’ve had a stroke and you’re left with left sided weakness, let's get to
rehab
· You have a heart attack, let's get you into cardiac rehab
· You are HIV +, how do we make sure you know how to take care of your disease,
how to minimize poor health outcomes, and enhance self-esteem
Social Marketing
· The intervention used to influence the knowledge, attitudes, values, beliefs,
behaviors, and practices of a community
· Ads, billboards, community education programs, etc
Upstream Approach
· Focuses on eliminating the factors that increase risk to a population’s health (like
SDoH)
· Environmental focus (sidewalks available for walking), restricting TV ad’s for
children's foods, creating national nutrition standards for meals served in schools,
advocating for calorie counts/more notational options at restaurants/fast food
places
· Refers to determinants of health that include the physical as well as conditions
in the social and economic environment creating poor health, whereas
Downstream interventions involve individual-level behavioral approaches for
prevention or disease management
Downstream Approach
· Represents actions taken after disease or injury has occurred. Ex: obesity
,· Nutritional health teaching based on nutritional patterns, portions, and choice
with an individual who is already obese or to prevent their obesity
John Snow
· Mapped deaths in his community to connect the incidence of cholera with the
water supply.
· “Father” of Epidemiology
· Showed that households receiving water from one company, whose intake valve
was in an area of the river contaminated by sewage, had a much higher rate of
cholera than those receiving water from other companies drawing water from
less-contaminated parts of the river.
Epidemiology
Three Phases:
· Sanitary: cleanliness
· Infectious: illness only caused by pathogens
· Risk factor phase: where we are now, we understand that illness is not only
pathogen related but also involves a person's risks factors, and is more all
encompassing
Three Frameworks: Triangle, Constants, and Web of Causation.
The Epidemiological Triangle
Framework of Epidemiology
Involves the agent, host and environment.
, The Epidemiological Constants
Framework of Epidemiology
Involves the person, place and time.
The Web of Causation
· Illustrates the complexity of the multiple factors of illness/disease, which is
caused by multiple causes and affected by the complex interaction between
biological and socio-behavioral determinants of health
· Take into account the multiple risk factors of disease
· The most extensive and inclusive framework. It takes into account multiple risk
factors of a disease, not just the agent, host, environment relationship.
Prevalence
The statistic that describes the probability that someone selected at random from
the population will have a disease or condition.
· Per 10,000: multiply and round to the nearest whole number.
Formula:
# of total cases
total # of at risk population
Incidence
Number of new cases of a disease of illness at a specific time or over a specific
period of time.
Practice: Caring for Populations, 3rd Edition,
Christine L. Savage, Verified Chapters 1 - 22,
Complete Newest Version
Primary prevention interventions
· Conducted to prevent development of disease or injury in those who are
currently healthy.
· Vaccine administration
· General health promotion education, i.e., seat belts.
Secondary prevention interventions
· Aimed at early detection and initiation of treatment for disease, thus reducing
disease-associated morbidity and mortality.
· Screening – breast, cervical, prostate, colon cancer screenings, examining family
history for possible genetic disease
Tertiary prevention
The prevention of disability and premature death and, when indicated, the
initiation of rehabilitation for those diagnosed with disease. Helping clients
navigate their chronic disease.
Examples:
,· Ok so you’ve had a stroke and you’re left with left sided weakness, let's get to
rehab
· You have a heart attack, let's get you into cardiac rehab
· You are HIV +, how do we make sure you know how to take care of your disease,
how to minimize poor health outcomes, and enhance self-esteem
Social Marketing
· The intervention used to influence the knowledge, attitudes, values, beliefs,
behaviors, and practices of a community
· Ads, billboards, community education programs, etc
Upstream Approach
· Focuses on eliminating the factors that increase risk to a population’s health (like
SDoH)
· Environmental focus (sidewalks available for walking), restricting TV ad’s for
children's foods, creating national nutrition standards for meals served in schools,
advocating for calorie counts/more notational options at restaurants/fast food
places
· Refers to determinants of health that include the physical as well as conditions
in the social and economic environment creating poor health, whereas
Downstream interventions involve individual-level behavioral approaches for
prevention or disease management
Downstream Approach
· Represents actions taken after disease or injury has occurred. Ex: obesity
,· Nutritional health teaching based on nutritional patterns, portions, and choice
with an individual who is already obese or to prevent their obesity
John Snow
· Mapped deaths in his community to connect the incidence of cholera with the
water supply.
· “Father” of Epidemiology
· Showed that households receiving water from one company, whose intake valve
was in an area of the river contaminated by sewage, had a much higher rate of
cholera than those receiving water from other companies drawing water from
less-contaminated parts of the river.
Epidemiology
Three Phases:
· Sanitary: cleanliness
· Infectious: illness only caused by pathogens
· Risk factor phase: where we are now, we understand that illness is not only
pathogen related but also involves a person's risks factors, and is more all
encompassing
Three Frameworks: Triangle, Constants, and Web of Causation.
The Epidemiological Triangle
Framework of Epidemiology
Involves the agent, host and environment.
, The Epidemiological Constants
Framework of Epidemiology
Involves the person, place and time.
The Web of Causation
· Illustrates the complexity of the multiple factors of illness/disease, which is
caused by multiple causes and affected by the complex interaction between
biological and socio-behavioral determinants of health
· Take into account the multiple risk factors of disease
· The most extensive and inclusive framework. It takes into account multiple risk
factors of a disease, not just the agent, host, environment relationship.
Prevalence
The statistic that describes the probability that someone selected at random from
the population will have a disease or condition.
· Per 10,000: multiply and round to the nearest whole number.
Formula:
# of total cases
total # of at risk population
Incidence
Number of new cases of a disease of illness at a specific time or over a specific
period of time.
