Lifespan Development Exam #8 (Chapters 1-3) Solved
Development - correct answer The pattern of change that begins at conception and
continues through the life span. Most development involves growth, although it also
includes decline brought on by aging and dying
Life-span perspective - correct answer The perspective that development is lifelong,
multidimensional, multi-directional, plastic, multidisciplinary, and contextual; involves
growth, maintenance, and regulation' and is constructed through biological,
sociocultural, and individual factors working together
Normative age-graded influences - correct answer Influences that are similar for
individuals in a particular age group
Normative history-graded influences - correct answer Influences that are common to
people of a particular generation because of historical circumstances
Non-normative life events - correct answer Unusual occurences that have a major
impact on a individual's life
Culture - correct answer The behavior patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a
group that are passed on from generation to generation
Cross-cultural studies - correct answer Comparison of one culture with one or more
other cultures. These provide information about the degree to which development is
similar, or universal, across cultures, and the degree to which it is culture-specific
Ethnicity - correct answer A characteristic based on cultural heritage, nationality
characteristics, race, religion, and language
Socioeconomic status (SES) - correct answer Refers to the grouping of people with
similar occupational, educational, and economic characteristics
Gender - correct answer That characteristics of people as males or females
Social Policy - correct answer A national government's course of action designed to
promote the welfare of its citizens
Biological Processes - correct answer Changes in an individual's physical nature
Cognitive Processes - correct answer Changes in an individual's thought, intelligence,
and language
Socioemotional processes - correct answer Changes in an individual's relationships with
other people, emotions, and personality
, Nature-nurture issue - correct answer Debate about whether development is primarily
influenced by nature or nurture. Nature refers to an organism's biological inheritance,
nurture to its environmental experiences
Stability-change issue - correct answer Debate about whether we become older
renditions of our early experience (stability) or whether we develop into someone
different from who we were at an earlier pint in development (change)
Continuity-discontinuity issue - correct answer Debate about the extent to which
development involves gradual, cumulative change (continuity) or distinct stages
(discontinuity)
Scientific method - correct answer An approach that can be used to obtain accurate
information. It includes the following steps:
1) Conceptualize the problem
2) Collect Data
3) Draw Conclusions
4) Revise Research Conclusions & Theory
Theory - correct answer An interrelated, coherent set of ideas that helps to explain
phenomena an facilitate predictions
Hypotheses - correct answer Specific assumptions and predictions that can be tested to
determine their accuracy
Psychoanalytic theories - correct answer Theories that describe development as
primarily unconscious and heavily colored by emotion. Behavior is merely a surface
characteristic, and the symbolic working of the mind have to be analyzed to understand
behavior. Early experiences with parents are emphasized.
Erikson's theory - correct answer Includes eight stages of human development. Each
stage consists of a unique developmental task that confronts individuals with a crisis
that must be resolved
Piaget's theory - correct answer Theory stating that children actively construct their
understanding of the world and go through four stages of cognitive development
Vygotsky's theory - correct answer A sociocultural cognitive theory that emphasizes how
culture and social interaction guide cognitive development
Information-processing theory - correct answer Emphasizes that individuals manipulate
information, monitor it, and strategize about it. Central to this theory are the processes
of memory and thinking
Development - correct answer The pattern of change that begins at conception and
continues through the life span. Most development involves growth, although it also
includes decline brought on by aging and dying
Life-span perspective - correct answer The perspective that development is lifelong,
multidimensional, multi-directional, plastic, multidisciplinary, and contextual; involves
growth, maintenance, and regulation' and is constructed through biological,
sociocultural, and individual factors working together
Normative age-graded influences - correct answer Influences that are similar for
individuals in a particular age group
Normative history-graded influences - correct answer Influences that are common to
people of a particular generation because of historical circumstances
Non-normative life events - correct answer Unusual occurences that have a major
impact on a individual's life
Culture - correct answer The behavior patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a
group that are passed on from generation to generation
Cross-cultural studies - correct answer Comparison of one culture with one or more
other cultures. These provide information about the degree to which development is
similar, or universal, across cultures, and the degree to which it is culture-specific
Ethnicity - correct answer A characteristic based on cultural heritage, nationality
characteristics, race, religion, and language
Socioeconomic status (SES) - correct answer Refers to the grouping of people with
similar occupational, educational, and economic characteristics
Gender - correct answer That characteristics of people as males or females
Social Policy - correct answer A national government's course of action designed to
promote the welfare of its citizens
Biological Processes - correct answer Changes in an individual's physical nature
Cognitive Processes - correct answer Changes in an individual's thought, intelligence,
and language
Socioemotional processes - correct answer Changes in an individual's relationships with
other people, emotions, and personality
, Nature-nurture issue - correct answer Debate about whether development is primarily
influenced by nature or nurture. Nature refers to an organism's biological inheritance,
nurture to its environmental experiences
Stability-change issue - correct answer Debate about whether we become older
renditions of our early experience (stability) or whether we develop into someone
different from who we were at an earlier pint in development (change)
Continuity-discontinuity issue - correct answer Debate about the extent to which
development involves gradual, cumulative change (continuity) or distinct stages
(discontinuity)
Scientific method - correct answer An approach that can be used to obtain accurate
information. It includes the following steps:
1) Conceptualize the problem
2) Collect Data
3) Draw Conclusions
4) Revise Research Conclusions & Theory
Theory - correct answer An interrelated, coherent set of ideas that helps to explain
phenomena an facilitate predictions
Hypotheses - correct answer Specific assumptions and predictions that can be tested to
determine their accuracy
Psychoanalytic theories - correct answer Theories that describe development as
primarily unconscious and heavily colored by emotion. Behavior is merely a surface
characteristic, and the symbolic working of the mind have to be analyzed to understand
behavior. Early experiences with parents are emphasized.
Erikson's theory - correct answer Includes eight stages of human development. Each
stage consists of a unique developmental task that confronts individuals with a crisis
that must be resolved
Piaget's theory - correct answer Theory stating that children actively construct their
understanding of the world and go through four stages of cognitive development
Vygotsky's theory - correct answer A sociocultural cognitive theory that emphasizes how
culture and social interaction guide cognitive development
Information-processing theory - correct answer Emphasizes that individuals manipulate
information, monitor it, and strategize about it. Central to this theory are the processes
of memory and thinking
