BIO 210 MIDTERM LEARNNING
OBJECTIVES WEEK 1-7(100%
ACCURATE)
Predict the effects of removing all microbes from the following habitats: your *body*,the
ocean, a farm, a forest - ANSWERyour body will get sick easily no microbes to fight off
illness. the ocean 70% of o2 would be gone fish will die. trees wont grow anymore
Explain how the diversity of microbes has arisen on our planet through evolution -
ANSWERMore diversity of microbes have accumulated over time as a result of changes
in its DNA
Compare and contrast the three domains of the phylogenetic tree of life -
ANSWERBacteria have no nucleus in their cells/single celled have peptiogyden in cell
walls. Archaea have a distinct cell wall than bacteria and do not have a nucleus
unicellular/extreme tempreture(no peptoglyden). Eukaryotes: cells have a nucleus.
Identify the features of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) that make it useful to compare the
evolutionary relationship between organisms - ANSWERThrough variation in rRNA
sequences we can distinguish organisms on approximately the species level and trace
evolutionary relationships.
Explain what the human microbiome is, and how it influences the host human organism.
Explain how our behavior impacts its composition and predict the consequences of
altering our microbiota. - ANSWERThe microbiome is the genetic material of all the
microbes - bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses - that live on and inside the human
body. It infusnces the hosts body to be able to fight off dieaseas and maintian a better
health by getting the nutrients they need. If they were to alter their microbiato their gut
would weaken and be more vulnerable to illness.
Describe the process by which you would use Koch's postulates to determine the
pathogen causing an outbreak. - ANSWER1) The organism must be present in every
case of the disease
2)The organism must be isolated in pure culture
3)The pure culture must produce the disease when inoculated into a healthy,
susceptible host.
4)The organism must be re-isolated in pure culture from the experimentally infected
host and shown to be the same as the original organism
, Design a growth media to selectively isolate a microbe based on data about
itsenvironmental growth requirements and understand and explain how to apply the
"5I's" - ANSWERsobar argar
Understand and explain the purpose of the "5 I's" - ANSWERinoculation(urine, blood,
spinal fluid, stool)
incubation (in appropiate envirotment (temp, ph,humid)
isolation of cllonies
inspection of colonies
identfication (biochem ,immune,genetic)
Compare and contrast selective and differential growth media, and give examples of
each. - ANSWERSelective media (sabourauds agar)-yeast fungi, used to
isolateDifferential Media(blood agar)-"strep"color chaneg in media or colony
appearance used to show lactose fermentati used to identofy gut bacteria
Describe the process by which you would determine the microbial group
(bacteria,archaea, fungi, algae, protozoa, virus) to which a "mystery microbe" belongs.
Diagramyour thought process in the form of a flow chart. - ANSWERdoes it have cells,
nucleus, peptoglydon , chloralplast, cell wall
Design an experiment to test a hypothesis. Clearly explain what is controlled, what
isvaried, and what is measured. Predict what a graph should look like that supports
orrefutes the hypothesis - ANSWERcontrol-healthy ex-acid measure-#of ulcers
Describe at least two examples of how the scientific method was used in the historyof
microbiology to develop concepts that we use today in our everyday life; give examples
of important milestones in the history of microbiology - ANSWERThey used the scietfic
method to create a case study to figure out what is wrong woth patients for example the
ulcer case study did the control expirement and measure method to figure out the
diesease that was causing ulcers. Today we still use this method when investigatung
ilnesses.
Provide examples of clinical applications for using the following media: blood
agar,mannitol salt agar, MacConkey's agar, Sabouraud's agar - ANSWERblood agar-
used to grow a wide range of pathogens, especially those that are more difficult to grow,
salt agar-solating pathogenic staphylococci from clinical samples, food and other
materials of sanitary importance. macconkeys agar- isolation and identification of Gram-
negative bacteria, sabouradas agar-to diagnose and further speciate fungal infections,
understand and explain the difference between magnification, contrast andresolution
and how they impact microscopy - ANSWER
Describe the steps of the streak plate method for isolating colonies - ANSWERdiluting
inculom across surface of agar, flame inculating loop or needle between streak, zigzag
motion
OBJECTIVES WEEK 1-7(100%
ACCURATE)
Predict the effects of removing all microbes from the following habitats: your *body*,the
ocean, a farm, a forest - ANSWERyour body will get sick easily no microbes to fight off
illness. the ocean 70% of o2 would be gone fish will die. trees wont grow anymore
Explain how the diversity of microbes has arisen on our planet through evolution -
ANSWERMore diversity of microbes have accumulated over time as a result of changes
in its DNA
Compare and contrast the three domains of the phylogenetic tree of life -
ANSWERBacteria have no nucleus in their cells/single celled have peptiogyden in cell
walls. Archaea have a distinct cell wall than bacteria and do not have a nucleus
unicellular/extreme tempreture(no peptoglyden). Eukaryotes: cells have a nucleus.
Identify the features of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) that make it useful to compare the
evolutionary relationship between organisms - ANSWERThrough variation in rRNA
sequences we can distinguish organisms on approximately the species level and trace
evolutionary relationships.
Explain what the human microbiome is, and how it influences the host human organism.
Explain how our behavior impacts its composition and predict the consequences of
altering our microbiota. - ANSWERThe microbiome is the genetic material of all the
microbes - bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses - that live on and inside the human
body. It infusnces the hosts body to be able to fight off dieaseas and maintian a better
health by getting the nutrients they need. If they were to alter their microbiato their gut
would weaken and be more vulnerable to illness.
Describe the process by which you would use Koch's postulates to determine the
pathogen causing an outbreak. - ANSWER1) The organism must be present in every
case of the disease
2)The organism must be isolated in pure culture
3)The pure culture must produce the disease when inoculated into a healthy,
susceptible host.
4)The organism must be re-isolated in pure culture from the experimentally infected
host and shown to be the same as the original organism
, Design a growth media to selectively isolate a microbe based on data about
itsenvironmental growth requirements and understand and explain how to apply the
"5I's" - ANSWERsobar argar
Understand and explain the purpose of the "5 I's" - ANSWERinoculation(urine, blood,
spinal fluid, stool)
incubation (in appropiate envirotment (temp, ph,humid)
isolation of cllonies
inspection of colonies
identfication (biochem ,immune,genetic)
Compare and contrast selective and differential growth media, and give examples of
each. - ANSWERSelective media (sabourauds agar)-yeast fungi, used to
isolateDifferential Media(blood agar)-"strep"color chaneg in media or colony
appearance used to show lactose fermentati used to identofy gut bacteria
Describe the process by which you would determine the microbial group
(bacteria,archaea, fungi, algae, protozoa, virus) to which a "mystery microbe" belongs.
Diagramyour thought process in the form of a flow chart. - ANSWERdoes it have cells,
nucleus, peptoglydon , chloralplast, cell wall
Design an experiment to test a hypothesis. Clearly explain what is controlled, what
isvaried, and what is measured. Predict what a graph should look like that supports
orrefutes the hypothesis - ANSWERcontrol-healthy ex-acid measure-#of ulcers
Describe at least two examples of how the scientific method was used in the historyof
microbiology to develop concepts that we use today in our everyday life; give examples
of important milestones in the history of microbiology - ANSWERThey used the scietfic
method to create a case study to figure out what is wrong woth patients for example the
ulcer case study did the control expirement and measure method to figure out the
diesease that was causing ulcers. Today we still use this method when investigatung
ilnesses.
Provide examples of clinical applications for using the following media: blood
agar,mannitol salt agar, MacConkey's agar, Sabouraud's agar - ANSWERblood agar-
used to grow a wide range of pathogens, especially those that are more difficult to grow,
salt agar-solating pathogenic staphylococci from clinical samples, food and other
materials of sanitary importance. macconkeys agar- isolation and identification of Gram-
negative bacteria, sabouradas agar-to diagnose and further speciate fungal infections,
understand and explain the difference between magnification, contrast andresolution
and how they impact microscopy - ANSWER
Describe the steps of the streak plate method for isolating colonies - ANSWERdiluting
inculom across surface of agar, flame inculating loop or needle between streak, zigzag
motion
