2/17/25, 2:18 PM WGU D236 Pathophysiology Objective Assessment | Detailed Answers with Rationale | Latest Exam! Flashcards | Quizlet
WGU D236 Pathophysiology Objective
Assessment | Detailed Answers with Rationale |
Latest Exam!
Save
Terms in this set (114)
Starling's Law describes how fluids move across the
capillary membrane. There are two major opposing
forces that act to balance each other, hydrostatic
pressure (pushing water out of the capillaries) and
osmotic pressure (including oncontic pressure, which
pushes fluid into the capillaries).
What is Starling's Law of
Both electrolytes and proteins (oncontic pressure) in
Capillary forces?
the blood affect osmotic pressure, high electrolyte
and protein concentrations in the blood would cause
How does this explain why
water to leave the cells and interstitial space and
a nutritionally deficient
enter the blood stream to dilute the high
child would have edema?
concentrations.
On, the other hand, low electrolyte and protein
concentrations (as seen in a nutritionally deficient
child) would cause water to leave the capillaries and
enter the cells and interstitial fluid which can lead to
edema.
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,2/17/25, 2:18 PM WGU D236 Pathophysiology Objective Assessment | Detailed Answers with Rationale | Latest Exam! Flashcards | Quizlet
A drop in blood pressure is sensed by the kidneys by
low perfusion, which in turn begins to secrete renin.
Renin then triggers the liver to produce
angiotensinogen, which is converted to Angiotensin I
How does the RAAS
in the lungs and then angiotensin II by the enzyme
(Renin-Angiotensin-
Aldosterone System)
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Angiotensin II
result in increased blood
stimulates peripheral arterial vasoconstriction which
volume and increased
raises BP.
blood pressure?
Angiotensin II is also stimulating the adrenal gland to
release aldosterone, which acts to increase sodium
and water reabsorption increasing blood volume,
while also increased potassium secretion in urine.
Normal levels of potassium are between 3.5 and 5.2
mEq/dL. Hyperkalemia refers to potassium levels
higher that 5.2 mEq/dL.
How can hyperkalemia A major function of potassium is to conduct nerve
lead to cardiac arrest? impulses in muscles. Too low and muscle weakness
occurs and too much can cause muscle spasms.
This is especially dangerous in the heart muscle and
an irregular heartbeat can cause a heart attack
The body uses the Protein Proteins contain many acidic and basic group that can
Buffering System, be affected by pH changes. Any increase or decrease
Phosphate Buffering in blood pH can alter the structure of the protein
System, and Carbonic (denature), thereby affecting its function as well
Acid-Bicarbonate System
to regulate and maintain
homeostatic pH, what is
the consequence of a pH
imbalance
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,2/17/25, 2:18 PM WGU D236 Pathophysiology Objective Assessment | Detailed Answers with Rationale | Latest Exam! Flashcards | Quizlet
Normal ABGs (Arterial Blood Gases) Blood pH: 7.35-
7.45 PCO2: 35-45 mm Hg PO2: 90-100 mm Hg
HCO3-: 22-26 mEq/L SaO2: 95-100%
Respiratory acidosis and alkalosis are marked by
changes in PCO2. Higher = acidosis and lower =
alkalosis
Describe the laboratory
findings associated with
Metabolic acidosis and alkalosis are caused by
metabolic acidosis,
something other than abnormal CO2 levels. This could
metabolic alkalosis,
include toxicity, diabetes, renal failure or excessive GI
respiratory acidosis and
losses.
respiratory alkalosis. (ie
relative pH and CO2
Here are the rules to follow to determine if is
levels).
respiratory or metabolic in nature. -If pH and PCO2
are moving in opposite directions, then it is the pCO2
levels that are causing the imbalance and it is
respiratory in nature.
-If PCO2 is normal or is moving in the same direction
as the pH, then the imbalance is metabolic in nature.
The anion gap is the The anion gap is the calculation of unmeasured anions
difference between in the blood.
measured cations (Na+
and K+) and measured Lactic acid and ketones both lead to the production
anions (Cl- and HCO3-), of unmeasured anions, which remove HCO3- (a
this calculation can be measured anion) due to buffering of the excess H+
useful in determining the and therefore leads to an increase in the AG.
cause of metabolic
acidosis.
Why would an increased
anion gap be observed in
diabetic ketoacidosis or
lactic acidosis?
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, 2/17/25, 2:18 PM WGU D236 Pathophysiology Objective Assessment | Detailed Answers with Rationale | Latest Exam! Flashcards | Quizlet
Insulin is the hormone responsible for initiating the
uptake of glucose by the cells. Cells use glucose to
produce energy (ATP).
In a normal individual, when blood glucose increases,
Why is it important to the pancreas is signaled to produced in insulin, which
maintain a homeostatic binds to insulin receptors on a cells surface and
balance of glucose in the initiates the uptake of glucose.
blood (ie describe the
pathogenesis of Glucose is a very reactive molecule and if left in the
diabetes)? blood, it can start to bind to other proteins and lipids,
which can lead to loss of function.
AGEs are advanced glycation end products that are a
result of glucose reacting with the endothelial lining,
which can lead to damage in the heart and kidneys.
Type I diabetes is caused by lack of insulin. With out
insulin signaling, glucose will not be taken into the
cell and leads to high blood glucose (hyperglycemia).
Type I is usually treated with insulin injections.
Compare and contrast Type II diabetes is caused by a desensitization to
Type I and Type II insulin signaling. The insulin receptors are no longer
Diabetes responding to insulin, which also leads to
hyperglycemia.
Type II is usually treated with drugs to increase the
sensitization to insulin (metformin), dietary and life-
style changes or insulin injections.
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WGU D236 Pathophysiology Objective
Assessment | Detailed Answers with Rationale |
Latest Exam!
Save
Terms in this set (114)
Starling's Law describes how fluids move across the
capillary membrane. There are two major opposing
forces that act to balance each other, hydrostatic
pressure (pushing water out of the capillaries) and
osmotic pressure (including oncontic pressure, which
pushes fluid into the capillaries).
What is Starling's Law of
Both electrolytes and proteins (oncontic pressure) in
Capillary forces?
the blood affect osmotic pressure, high electrolyte
and protein concentrations in the blood would cause
How does this explain why
water to leave the cells and interstitial space and
a nutritionally deficient
enter the blood stream to dilute the high
child would have edema?
concentrations.
On, the other hand, low electrolyte and protein
concentrations (as seen in a nutritionally deficient
child) would cause water to leave the capillaries and
enter the cells and interstitial fluid which can lead to
edema.
https://quizlet.com/1006836553/wgu-d236-pathophysiology-objective-assessment-detailed-answers-with-rationale-latest-exam-flash-cards/?new 1/44
,2/17/25, 2:18 PM WGU D236 Pathophysiology Objective Assessment | Detailed Answers with Rationale | Latest Exam! Flashcards | Quizlet
A drop in blood pressure is sensed by the kidneys by
low perfusion, which in turn begins to secrete renin.
Renin then triggers the liver to produce
angiotensinogen, which is converted to Angiotensin I
How does the RAAS
in the lungs and then angiotensin II by the enzyme
(Renin-Angiotensin-
Aldosterone System)
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Angiotensin II
result in increased blood
stimulates peripheral arterial vasoconstriction which
volume and increased
raises BP.
blood pressure?
Angiotensin II is also stimulating the adrenal gland to
release aldosterone, which acts to increase sodium
and water reabsorption increasing blood volume,
while also increased potassium secretion in urine.
Normal levels of potassium are between 3.5 and 5.2
mEq/dL. Hyperkalemia refers to potassium levels
higher that 5.2 mEq/dL.
How can hyperkalemia A major function of potassium is to conduct nerve
lead to cardiac arrest? impulses in muscles. Too low and muscle weakness
occurs and too much can cause muscle spasms.
This is especially dangerous in the heart muscle and
an irregular heartbeat can cause a heart attack
The body uses the Protein Proteins contain many acidic and basic group that can
Buffering System, be affected by pH changes. Any increase or decrease
Phosphate Buffering in blood pH can alter the structure of the protein
System, and Carbonic (denature), thereby affecting its function as well
Acid-Bicarbonate System
to regulate and maintain
homeostatic pH, what is
the consequence of a pH
imbalance
https://quizlet.com/1006836553/wgu-d236-pathophysiology-objective-assessment-detailed-answers-with-rationale-latest-exam-flash-cards/?new 2/44
,2/17/25, 2:18 PM WGU D236 Pathophysiology Objective Assessment | Detailed Answers with Rationale | Latest Exam! Flashcards | Quizlet
Normal ABGs (Arterial Blood Gases) Blood pH: 7.35-
7.45 PCO2: 35-45 mm Hg PO2: 90-100 mm Hg
HCO3-: 22-26 mEq/L SaO2: 95-100%
Respiratory acidosis and alkalosis are marked by
changes in PCO2. Higher = acidosis and lower =
alkalosis
Describe the laboratory
findings associated with
Metabolic acidosis and alkalosis are caused by
metabolic acidosis,
something other than abnormal CO2 levels. This could
metabolic alkalosis,
include toxicity, diabetes, renal failure or excessive GI
respiratory acidosis and
losses.
respiratory alkalosis. (ie
relative pH and CO2
Here are the rules to follow to determine if is
levels).
respiratory or metabolic in nature. -If pH and PCO2
are moving in opposite directions, then it is the pCO2
levels that are causing the imbalance and it is
respiratory in nature.
-If PCO2 is normal or is moving in the same direction
as the pH, then the imbalance is metabolic in nature.
The anion gap is the The anion gap is the calculation of unmeasured anions
difference between in the blood.
measured cations (Na+
and K+) and measured Lactic acid and ketones both lead to the production
anions (Cl- and HCO3-), of unmeasured anions, which remove HCO3- (a
this calculation can be measured anion) due to buffering of the excess H+
useful in determining the and therefore leads to an increase in the AG.
cause of metabolic
acidosis.
Why would an increased
anion gap be observed in
diabetic ketoacidosis or
lactic acidosis?
https://quizlet.com/1006836553/wgu-d236-pathophysiology-objective-assessment-detailed-answers-with-rationale-latest-exam-flash-cards/?new 3/44
, 2/17/25, 2:18 PM WGU D236 Pathophysiology Objective Assessment | Detailed Answers with Rationale | Latest Exam! Flashcards | Quizlet
Insulin is the hormone responsible for initiating the
uptake of glucose by the cells. Cells use glucose to
produce energy (ATP).
In a normal individual, when blood glucose increases,
Why is it important to the pancreas is signaled to produced in insulin, which
maintain a homeostatic binds to insulin receptors on a cells surface and
balance of glucose in the initiates the uptake of glucose.
blood (ie describe the
pathogenesis of Glucose is a very reactive molecule and if left in the
diabetes)? blood, it can start to bind to other proteins and lipids,
which can lead to loss of function.
AGEs are advanced glycation end products that are a
result of glucose reacting with the endothelial lining,
which can lead to damage in the heart and kidneys.
Type I diabetes is caused by lack of insulin. With out
insulin signaling, glucose will not be taken into the
cell and leads to high blood glucose (hyperglycemia).
Type I is usually treated with insulin injections.
Compare and contrast Type II diabetes is caused by a desensitization to
Type I and Type II insulin signaling. The insulin receptors are no longer
Diabetes responding to insulin, which also leads to
hyperglycemia.
Type II is usually treated with drugs to increase the
sensitization to insulin (metformin), dietary and life-
style changes or insulin injections.
https://quizlet.com/1006836553/wgu-d236-pathophysiology-objective-assessment-detailed-answers-with-rationale-latest-exam-flash-cards/?new 4/44
