1|Page
NURS 2063 FINAL EXAM LATEST UPDATE 2025
TEST BANK| ESSENTIALS OF
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM REVIEW
AND STUDY GUIDE EXAM| COMPLETE 400
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT VERIFIED
ANSWERS/ ALREADY GRADED A+| RASMUSSEN
(BRAND NEW!!)
Explain what jaundice is? - ANSWER - green- yellow staining of tissues
from increased level of bilirubin as the liver cannot metabolize extra
bilirubin
Where can you find jaundice on assessment? - ANSWER - eyes, skin,
and mouth
Explain what ascites is? - ANSWER - pathological accumulation of fluid
in the peritoneal cavity due to the loss of albumin in the liver, causing
fluid to be free amongst the cells. It can cause a lot of pain in the
abdomen, and it must be drained with a parenthesis
Explain hepatic encephalopathy? - ANSWER - neuropsychiatric
syndrome from too much ammonia in the blood as the liver cannot break
it down. results in dementia and psychotic symptoms common along
with jerking
What is another name for end stage liver disease? - ANSWER - cirrhosis
pg. 1
,2|Page
What are the signs and symptoms of gallstones? - ANSWER - sudden
pain in the RUQ/ center of the abdomen, back pain, and nauseas and
vomiting.
Why do gallstones occur? - ANSWER - due to often a blockage of a
duct from a cholesterol filled stone
What are the three stages of gallstone formation? - ANSWER -
supersaturation, nucleation, hypo motility
Explain supersaturation phase - ANSWER - bile is saturated with
cholesterol, causing precipitation of cholesterol
Explain nucleation phase - ANSWER - the bile crystals begin to stick
together and become larger stones
Explain hypo motility phase - ANSWER - the bile is stasis allowing the
stones to grow more
What are some of the risk factors for gallstones? - ANSWER -
prolonged fasting, rapid weight loss, pregnancy, estrogen, obesity
What are the signs and symptoms of pancreatitis? - ANSWER - steady
and dull pain in the center or LUQ of abdomen, severe tenderness on
palpation that radiates to the back, nausea and vomiting, abdominal
distention with hypoactive bowel sounds, low grade fevers
pg. 2
,3|Page
What are the causes of pancreatitis? - ANSWER - alcoholism is most
causes, biliary tract disease where the enzymes attack the pancreas,
hypertriglyceridemia
What are the three function of the kidneys - ANSWER - excretion,
elimination, regulation
Explain what excretion is? - ANSWER - removal of organic waste
products from body fluids
Explain what elimination is? - ANSWER - discharge of the waste
products from the body
Explain what regulation is? - ANSWER - regulating blood volume, ion
concentration, blood pH and nutrients
What are signs and symptoms indicating one may have a renal disorder?
- ANSWER - pain in the back flank area that is felt at the CVA angle on
percussion, tenderness, abnormal urinalysis findings
What types of things are abnormal regarding urinalysis? - ANSWER -
dark, strong-smelling urine, bacteria in the urine, cloudy urine, ketones
or glucose or proteins in the urine, blood in the urine (except during
menses)
What is polycystic kidney disease? - ANSWER - an inherited condition
of the kidney resulting in one having fluid filled cysts on one or both
pg. 3
, 4|Page
kidneys. if left untreated renal failure with need for dialysis or kidney
transplant occurring
What causes polycystic kidney disease? - ANSWER - it is inherited
genetically
What are the types of polycystic kidney disease? - ANSWER -
autosomal recessive and dominant
What is a nephron(s)? - ANSWER - they are in the kidney and helps to
filter blood and remove waste products
What is cystitis? - ANSWER - inflammation of the bladder lining.
What are the main causes of cystitis? - ANSWER - Most cases are based
from an infection and most are due from E. coli entering. Can also be
from infection, chemical irritants, stones and trauma
What are some predisposing factors to one’s development of cystitis? -
ANSWER - being female and having a shorter uterus and being closer to
anus, increased age, catheterization, diabetes, bladder dysfunction, poor
hygiene, and urinary stasis
What are the clinical manifestations of cystitis? - ANSWER - frequency,
urgency, dysuria, suprapubic pain, and cloudy urine, delirium, and
incontinence, and can be streaked and present on urinalysis
pg. 4
NURS 2063 FINAL EXAM LATEST UPDATE 2025
TEST BANK| ESSENTIALS OF
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM REVIEW
AND STUDY GUIDE EXAM| COMPLETE 400
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT VERIFIED
ANSWERS/ ALREADY GRADED A+| RASMUSSEN
(BRAND NEW!!)
Explain what jaundice is? - ANSWER - green- yellow staining of tissues
from increased level of bilirubin as the liver cannot metabolize extra
bilirubin
Where can you find jaundice on assessment? - ANSWER - eyes, skin,
and mouth
Explain what ascites is? - ANSWER - pathological accumulation of fluid
in the peritoneal cavity due to the loss of albumin in the liver, causing
fluid to be free amongst the cells. It can cause a lot of pain in the
abdomen, and it must be drained with a parenthesis
Explain hepatic encephalopathy? - ANSWER - neuropsychiatric
syndrome from too much ammonia in the blood as the liver cannot break
it down. results in dementia and psychotic symptoms common along
with jerking
What is another name for end stage liver disease? - ANSWER - cirrhosis
pg. 1
,2|Page
What are the signs and symptoms of gallstones? - ANSWER - sudden
pain in the RUQ/ center of the abdomen, back pain, and nauseas and
vomiting.
Why do gallstones occur? - ANSWER - due to often a blockage of a
duct from a cholesterol filled stone
What are the three stages of gallstone formation? - ANSWER -
supersaturation, nucleation, hypo motility
Explain supersaturation phase - ANSWER - bile is saturated with
cholesterol, causing precipitation of cholesterol
Explain nucleation phase - ANSWER - the bile crystals begin to stick
together and become larger stones
Explain hypo motility phase - ANSWER - the bile is stasis allowing the
stones to grow more
What are some of the risk factors for gallstones? - ANSWER -
prolonged fasting, rapid weight loss, pregnancy, estrogen, obesity
What are the signs and symptoms of pancreatitis? - ANSWER - steady
and dull pain in the center or LUQ of abdomen, severe tenderness on
palpation that radiates to the back, nausea and vomiting, abdominal
distention with hypoactive bowel sounds, low grade fevers
pg. 2
,3|Page
What are the causes of pancreatitis? - ANSWER - alcoholism is most
causes, biliary tract disease where the enzymes attack the pancreas,
hypertriglyceridemia
What are the three function of the kidneys - ANSWER - excretion,
elimination, regulation
Explain what excretion is? - ANSWER - removal of organic waste
products from body fluids
Explain what elimination is? - ANSWER - discharge of the waste
products from the body
Explain what regulation is? - ANSWER - regulating blood volume, ion
concentration, blood pH and nutrients
What are signs and symptoms indicating one may have a renal disorder?
- ANSWER - pain in the back flank area that is felt at the CVA angle on
percussion, tenderness, abnormal urinalysis findings
What types of things are abnormal regarding urinalysis? - ANSWER -
dark, strong-smelling urine, bacteria in the urine, cloudy urine, ketones
or glucose or proteins in the urine, blood in the urine (except during
menses)
What is polycystic kidney disease? - ANSWER - an inherited condition
of the kidney resulting in one having fluid filled cysts on one or both
pg. 3
, 4|Page
kidneys. if left untreated renal failure with need for dialysis or kidney
transplant occurring
What causes polycystic kidney disease? - ANSWER - it is inherited
genetically
What are the types of polycystic kidney disease? - ANSWER -
autosomal recessive and dominant
What is a nephron(s)? - ANSWER - they are in the kidney and helps to
filter blood and remove waste products
What is cystitis? - ANSWER - inflammation of the bladder lining.
What are the main causes of cystitis? - ANSWER - Most cases are based
from an infection and most are due from E. coli entering. Can also be
from infection, chemical irritants, stones and trauma
What are some predisposing factors to one’s development of cystitis? -
ANSWER - being female and having a shorter uterus and being closer to
anus, increased age, catheterization, diabetes, bladder dysfunction, poor
hygiene, and urinary stasis
What are the clinical manifestations of cystitis? - ANSWER - frequency,
urgency, dysuria, suprapubic pain, and cloudy urine, delirium, and
incontinence, and can be streaked and present on urinalysis
pg. 4
