American Politics and the US Constitution
i i i i i
natruali rightsi -i ANSi ✅Life,i Liberty,i andi Property
Johni Lockei -i ANSi ✅17thi centuryi Englishi philosopheri whoi opposedi thei Divinei Righti ofi Kingsi andi
whoi assertedi thati peoplei havei ai naturali righti toi life,i liberty,i andi property.
Statei ofi Naturei -i ANSi ✅Hypotheticali conditioni assumedi toi existi ini thei absencei ofi governmenti
wherei humani beingsi livei ini "complete"i freedomi andi generali equality.
Duei Processi -i ANSi ✅involvesi thei government'si obligationi toi treati alli citizensi fairly.i Suchi ai
requirementi lessensi thei extenti toi whichi governmenti poweri cani bei exercisedi overi thei
individual,i makingi thei poweri differentiali betweeni thei twoimorei fair,i andi ensuringi ai generali
sensei ofi politicali equality
Sociali Contracti -i ANSi ✅Ai voluntaryi agreementi amongi individualsi toi securei theiri rightsi andi
welfarei byi creatingi ai governmenti andi abidingi byi itsi rules.
Thomasi Hobbesi (1588-1679)i -i ANSi ✅Onei ofi thei firsti individualsi toi contributei toi thei ideai ofi thei
sociali contracti wasi ai pre-Enlightenmenti Englishi philosopher
Leviathani (1651):i Thomasi Hobbesi -i ANSi ✅Hobbesi arguesi thati societyi isi noti somethingi naturali
andi immutable,i buti ratheri iti isi somethingi createdi byi us.
Labori Movementi -i ANSi ✅thei formationi ofi labori unions,i duringi thei 1880's,i fori thei workersi toi
receivei betteri treatmenti by
Constitutioni -i ANSi ✅Ai documenti whichi spellsi outi thei principlesi byi whichi ai governmenti runsi
andi thei fundamentali lawsi thati governi ai society
Billi ofi Rightsi -i ANSi ✅Thei firsti teni amendmentsi toi thei Constitution
,Declarationi ofi Independencei -i ANSi ✅thei documenti recordingi thei proclamationi ofi thei secondi
Continentali Congressi (4i Julyi 1776)i assertingi thei independencei ofi thei coloniesi fromi Greati Britain
Thomasi Jeffersoni -i ANSi ✅Wrotei thei Declarationi ofi Independence
Shays'si Rebellioni (1786-1787)i -i ANSi ✅whichi almosti resultedi ini potentiali mobi rule,i suggestedi
therei mighti bei tooi muchi democracyi ati play,i andi thati maybei individuali libertyi wasi goingi tooi far
Articlesi ofi Confederationi -i ANSi ✅Ai weaki constitutioni thati governedi Americai duringi thei
Revolutionaryi War.
Federalisti no.i 51i -i ANSi ✅Arguesi thati separationi ofi powersi withini thei nationali governmenti isi
thei besti wayi toi preventi thei concentrationi ofi poweri ini thei handsi ofi onei personi ori ai singlei
group.
Firsti Amendmenti -i ANSi ✅Congressi shalli makei noi lawi respectingi ani establishmenti ofi religion,i ori
prohibitingi thei freei exercisei thereof;i ori abridgingi thei freedomi ofi speech,i ori ofi thei press;i ori
thei righti ofi thei peoplei peaceablyi toi assemble,i andi toi petitioni thei governmenti fori ai redressi ofi
grievances.
Secondi Amendmenti -i ANSi ✅Righti toi keepi andi beari arms
Thirdi Amendmenti -i ANSi ✅Thei governmenti mayi noti housei soldiersi ini privatei homesi withouti
consenti ofi thei owner
Forthi Amendmenti -i ANSi ✅Iti protectsi peoplei againsti unfairi searchesi ofi theiri homes;i searchi andi
seizure.
Fifthi Amendmenti -i ANSi ✅Ai constitutionali amendmenti designedi toi protecti thei rightsi ofi personsi
accusedi ofi crimes,i includingi protectioni againsti doublei jeopardy,i self-incrimination,i andi
punishmenti withouti duei processi ofi law.
,Sixthi Amendmenti -i ANSi ✅Righti toi ai speedyi andi publici trial
Seventhi Amendmenti -i ANSi ✅Righti toi ai triali byi juryi ini civili cases
Eighthi Amendmenti -i ANSi ✅Noi crueli andi unusuali punishment
Ninethi Amendmenti -i ANSi ✅peoplesi rightsi arei noti justi limitedi toi thosei listedi ini thei Constitutioni
andi Billi ofi Rights
Tenthi Amendmenti -i ANSi ✅Amendmenti statingi thati thei powersi noti delegatedi toithei federali
gov.i arei reservedi toi thei states
bicamerali legislaturei -i ANSi ✅Ai lawi makingi bodyi madei ofi twoi housesi (bii meansi 2).i Example:i
Congressi (ouri legislature)i isi madei ofi twoi housei -i Thei Housei ofi Representativesi andi Thei Senate.
Housei ofi Representativesi -i ANSi ✅thei loweri housei ofi Congress,i consistingi ofi ai differenti numberi
ofi representativesi fromi eachi state,i dependingi oni population
Newi Jerseyi Plani -i ANSi ✅Proposali toi createi ai weaki nationali government
Virginiai Plani -i ANSi ✅Proposali toi createi ai strongi nationali government
Constitutionali Conventioni -iANSi ✅Meetingi ini 1787i ofi thei electedi representativesi ofi thei
thirteeni originali statesi toi writei thei Constitutioni ofi thei Unitedi States.
unicamerali legislaturei -i ANSi ✅One-housei legislature
Three-Fifthsi Compromisei -i ANSi ✅Agreementi thati eachi slavei countedi asi three-fifthsi ofi ai personi
ini determiningi representationi ini thei Housei fori representationi andi taxationi purposesi (negatedi
byi thei 13thi amendment)
, Checksi andi Balancesi -i ANSi ✅Ai systemi thati allowsi eachi branchi ofi governmenti toi limiti thei
powersi ofi thei otheri branchesi ini orderi toi preventi abusei ofi power
Separationi ofi Powersi -i ANSi ✅Constitutionali divisioni ofi powersi amongi thei legislative,i executive,i
andi judiciali branches,i withi thei legislativei branchi makingi law,i thei executivei applyingi andi
enforcingi thei law,i andi thei judiciaryi interpretingi thei law
federali systemi -i ANSi ✅Ai governmenti thati dividesi thei powersi ofi governmenti betweeni thei
nationali governmenti andi statei ori provinciali governments
enumeratedi powersi -i ANSi ✅Thei powersi explicitlyi giveni toi Congressi ini thei Constitution.
reservedi powersi -i ANSi ✅Powersi giveni toi thei statei governmenti alone
Federalistsi -i ANSi ✅Supportersi ofi thei Constitutioni thati werei ledi byi Alexanderi Hamiltoni andi
Johni Adams.i Theyi firmlyi believedi thei nationali governmenti shouldi bei strong.i Theyi didn'ti wanti
thei Billi ofi Rightsi becausei theyi felti citizens'i rightsi werei alreadyi welli protectedi byi thei
Constitution.
Anti-Federalistsi -i ANSi ✅Opponentsi ofi thei Americani Constitutioni ati thei timei wheni thei statesi
werei contemplatingi itsi adoption.
Ratificationi -i ANSi ✅Formaliapproval,i finali consenti toi thei effectivenessi ofi ai constitution,i
constitutionali amendment,i ori treaty
Republici -i ANSi ✅Ai formi ofi governmenti ini whichi citizensi choosei theiri leadersi byi voting
Habeasi Corpusi -i ANSi ✅Constitutionali protectioni againsti unlawfuli imprisonment
Federalisti Papersi -i ANSi ✅Aicollectioni ofi 85i articlesi writteni byi Alexanderi Hamilton,i Johni Jay,i and
i i i i i
natruali rightsi -i ANSi ✅Life,i Liberty,i andi Property
Johni Lockei -i ANSi ✅17thi centuryi Englishi philosopheri whoi opposedi thei Divinei Righti ofi Kingsi andi
whoi assertedi thati peoplei havei ai naturali righti toi life,i liberty,i andi property.
Statei ofi Naturei -i ANSi ✅Hypotheticali conditioni assumedi toi existi ini thei absencei ofi governmenti
wherei humani beingsi livei ini "complete"i freedomi andi generali equality.
Duei Processi -i ANSi ✅involvesi thei government'si obligationi toi treati alli citizensi fairly.i Suchi ai
requirementi lessensi thei extenti toi whichi governmenti poweri cani bei exercisedi overi thei
individual,i makingi thei poweri differentiali betweeni thei twoimorei fair,i andi ensuringi ai generali
sensei ofi politicali equality
Sociali Contracti -i ANSi ✅Ai voluntaryi agreementi amongi individualsi toi securei theiri rightsi andi
welfarei byi creatingi ai governmenti andi abidingi byi itsi rules.
Thomasi Hobbesi (1588-1679)i -i ANSi ✅Onei ofi thei firsti individualsi toi contributei toi thei ideai ofi thei
sociali contracti wasi ai pre-Enlightenmenti Englishi philosopher
Leviathani (1651):i Thomasi Hobbesi -i ANSi ✅Hobbesi arguesi thati societyi isi noti somethingi naturali
andi immutable,i buti ratheri iti isi somethingi createdi byi us.
Labori Movementi -i ANSi ✅thei formationi ofi labori unions,i duringi thei 1880's,i fori thei workersi toi
receivei betteri treatmenti by
Constitutioni -i ANSi ✅Ai documenti whichi spellsi outi thei principlesi byi whichi ai governmenti runsi
andi thei fundamentali lawsi thati governi ai society
Billi ofi Rightsi -i ANSi ✅Thei firsti teni amendmentsi toi thei Constitution
,Declarationi ofi Independencei -i ANSi ✅thei documenti recordingi thei proclamationi ofi thei secondi
Continentali Congressi (4i Julyi 1776)i assertingi thei independencei ofi thei coloniesi fromi Greati Britain
Thomasi Jeffersoni -i ANSi ✅Wrotei thei Declarationi ofi Independence
Shays'si Rebellioni (1786-1787)i -i ANSi ✅whichi almosti resultedi ini potentiali mobi rule,i suggestedi
therei mighti bei tooi muchi democracyi ati play,i andi thati maybei individuali libertyi wasi goingi tooi far
Articlesi ofi Confederationi -i ANSi ✅Ai weaki constitutioni thati governedi Americai duringi thei
Revolutionaryi War.
Federalisti no.i 51i -i ANSi ✅Arguesi thati separationi ofi powersi withini thei nationali governmenti isi
thei besti wayi toi preventi thei concentrationi ofi poweri ini thei handsi ofi onei personi ori ai singlei
group.
Firsti Amendmenti -i ANSi ✅Congressi shalli makei noi lawi respectingi ani establishmenti ofi religion,i ori
prohibitingi thei freei exercisei thereof;i ori abridgingi thei freedomi ofi speech,i ori ofi thei press;i ori
thei righti ofi thei peoplei peaceablyi toi assemble,i andi toi petitioni thei governmenti fori ai redressi ofi
grievances.
Secondi Amendmenti -i ANSi ✅Righti toi keepi andi beari arms
Thirdi Amendmenti -i ANSi ✅Thei governmenti mayi noti housei soldiersi ini privatei homesi withouti
consenti ofi thei owner
Forthi Amendmenti -i ANSi ✅Iti protectsi peoplei againsti unfairi searchesi ofi theiri homes;i searchi andi
seizure.
Fifthi Amendmenti -i ANSi ✅Ai constitutionali amendmenti designedi toi protecti thei rightsi ofi personsi
accusedi ofi crimes,i includingi protectioni againsti doublei jeopardy,i self-incrimination,i andi
punishmenti withouti duei processi ofi law.
,Sixthi Amendmenti -i ANSi ✅Righti toi ai speedyi andi publici trial
Seventhi Amendmenti -i ANSi ✅Righti toi ai triali byi juryi ini civili cases
Eighthi Amendmenti -i ANSi ✅Noi crueli andi unusuali punishment
Ninethi Amendmenti -i ANSi ✅peoplesi rightsi arei noti justi limitedi toi thosei listedi ini thei Constitutioni
andi Billi ofi Rights
Tenthi Amendmenti -i ANSi ✅Amendmenti statingi thati thei powersi noti delegatedi toithei federali
gov.i arei reservedi toi thei states
bicamerali legislaturei -i ANSi ✅Ai lawi makingi bodyi madei ofi twoi housesi (bii meansi 2).i Example:i
Congressi (ouri legislature)i isi madei ofi twoi housei -i Thei Housei ofi Representativesi andi Thei Senate.
Housei ofi Representativesi -i ANSi ✅thei loweri housei ofi Congress,i consistingi ofi ai differenti numberi
ofi representativesi fromi eachi state,i dependingi oni population
Newi Jerseyi Plani -i ANSi ✅Proposali toi createi ai weaki nationali government
Virginiai Plani -i ANSi ✅Proposali toi createi ai strongi nationali government
Constitutionali Conventioni -iANSi ✅Meetingi ini 1787i ofi thei electedi representativesi ofi thei
thirteeni originali statesi toi writei thei Constitutioni ofi thei Unitedi States.
unicamerali legislaturei -i ANSi ✅One-housei legislature
Three-Fifthsi Compromisei -i ANSi ✅Agreementi thati eachi slavei countedi asi three-fifthsi ofi ai personi
ini determiningi representationi ini thei Housei fori representationi andi taxationi purposesi (negatedi
byi thei 13thi amendment)
, Checksi andi Balancesi -i ANSi ✅Ai systemi thati allowsi eachi branchi ofi governmenti toi limiti thei
powersi ofi thei otheri branchesi ini orderi toi preventi abusei ofi power
Separationi ofi Powersi -i ANSi ✅Constitutionali divisioni ofi powersi amongi thei legislative,i executive,i
andi judiciali branches,i withi thei legislativei branchi makingi law,i thei executivei applyingi andi
enforcingi thei law,i andi thei judiciaryi interpretingi thei law
federali systemi -i ANSi ✅Ai governmenti thati dividesi thei powersi ofi governmenti betweeni thei
nationali governmenti andi statei ori provinciali governments
enumeratedi powersi -i ANSi ✅Thei powersi explicitlyi giveni toi Congressi ini thei Constitution.
reservedi powersi -i ANSi ✅Powersi giveni toi thei statei governmenti alone
Federalistsi -i ANSi ✅Supportersi ofi thei Constitutioni thati werei ledi byi Alexanderi Hamiltoni andi
Johni Adams.i Theyi firmlyi believedi thei nationali governmenti shouldi bei strong.i Theyi didn'ti wanti
thei Billi ofi Rightsi becausei theyi felti citizens'i rightsi werei alreadyi welli protectedi byi thei
Constitution.
Anti-Federalistsi -i ANSi ✅Opponentsi ofi thei Americani Constitutioni ati thei timei wheni thei statesi
werei contemplatingi itsi adoption.
Ratificationi -i ANSi ✅Formaliapproval,i finali consenti toi thei effectivenessi ofi ai constitution,i
constitutionali amendment,i ori treaty
Republici -i ANSi ✅Ai formi ofi governmenti ini whichi citizensi choosei theiri leadersi byi voting
Habeasi Corpusi -i ANSi ✅Constitutionali protectioni againsti unlawfuli imprisonment
Federalisti Papersi -i ANSi ✅Aicollectioni ofi 85i articlesi writteni byi Alexanderi Hamilton,i Johni Jay,i and
