PAT401 Week 1 Exam Questions and Answers Latest Update 2025 Graded A+
Pulmonary circulation - Answers superior/inferior vena cava, right atrium, triscuspid valve, right
ventricle, pulmonary valve, pulmonary artery
Systemic circulation - Answers pulmonary vein, left atrium, mitral valve, left ventricle, aortic valve, aorta
stenosis - Answers valve stiff and thickened/narrowed, valve does not OPEN fully
regurgitation - Answers valve does not CLOSE fully (l/t blood backflow)
left side HF symptoms - Answers pulmonary related: SOB, coughing, wheezing
right side HF symptoms - Answers systemic related: enlarged liver, spleen, pedal edema
pericardium disorders - Answers acute pericarditis, constrictive/restrictive pericarditis, pericardial
effusion
definition and causes of acute pericarditis - Answers acute inflammation of pericardium (accumulation
of fluid), cause idiopathic or viral infection
clinical manifestations of acute pericarditis - Answers several days of fever, myalgias, and malaise, with
*sudden sharp severe chest pain that worsens with respirations and supine position*
treatments for acute pericarditis - Answers rest, NSAIDs, ASA/aspirin, colchicine
definition and causes of constrictive/restrictive pericarditis - Answers fibrous scarring with occasional
calcification of pericardium causes the visceral and parietal layers to adhere (encases heart in rigid shell
which compresses heart and reduces CO)
causes: idiopathic, TB
clinical manifestations of constrictive/restrictive pericarditis - Answers exercise intolerance, dyspnea on
exertion, fatigue, anorexia (d/t low CO = low O2 for cells)
treatment for constrictive/restrictive pericarditis - Answers dietary sodium restriction and diuretics
(furosemide)
why do we reduce Na and use diuretics for restrictive pericarditis? - Answers - improves CO by reducing
volume heart has to pump
- Furosemide fast-acting
- Less sodium = less fluid
normal range for potassium - Answers 3.5-5.0
definition of pericardial effusion - Answers accumulation of fluid in pericardial cavity
, what is the emergency related to pericardial effusion? - Answers tamponade
definition of tamponade - Answers rapid accumulation of fluid l/t sufficient pressure that causes cardiac
compression
in tampondade: the ____ pressure will be the same as the pressure that is _______ the heart - Answers
diastolic, surrounding
what happens if the heart is "stuffed" like a tampon? - Answers atria and ventricles cannot fill, leading to
decreased CO
BECPP symptoms of tamponade - Answers Big jugular distension
Extremely low BP
Can't hear the heart sound (muffled)
Pulsus Paradoxus
Persistent Pain
pulsus paradoxus - Answers Blood pressure difference of more than 10 mm Hg when pt is breathing in
and out
treatment for tamponade - Answers pericardiocentesis + furosemide
what are the types of cardiomyopathies? - Answers dilated, hypertrophic, restrictive
what happens when you have dilated cardiomyopathy? - Answers impaired systolic function -->
increased intracardiac volume --> ventricles dilate --> systolic HF
manifestations of dilated cardiomyopathy - Answers dyspnea, fatigue, pedal edema *HF SYMPTOMS*
treatments for dilated cardiomyopathy - Answers decrease volume, increase heart contractility, reverse
underlying disorder
what are the 2 types of hypertrophic cardiomyopathies? - Answers Hypertrophic obstructive
cardiomyopathy, Hypertensive or valvular hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
definition of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy - Answers inherited defect of a thick septal wall,
l/t obstruction when the HR increases and blood volume decreases (ex: exercise)
clinical manifestations of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy - Answers angina, syncope (fainting),
palpitations, symptoms of MI and LHF
definition of hypertensive/valvular hypertrophic cardiomyopathy - Answers hypertrophy of myocytes =
compensates for increased workload
Pulmonary circulation - Answers superior/inferior vena cava, right atrium, triscuspid valve, right
ventricle, pulmonary valve, pulmonary artery
Systemic circulation - Answers pulmonary vein, left atrium, mitral valve, left ventricle, aortic valve, aorta
stenosis - Answers valve stiff and thickened/narrowed, valve does not OPEN fully
regurgitation - Answers valve does not CLOSE fully (l/t blood backflow)
left side HF symptoms - Answers pulmonary related: SOB, coughing, wheezing
right side HF symptoms - Answers systemic related: enlarged liver, spleen, pedal edema
pericardium disorders - Answers acute pericarditis, constrictive/restrictive pericarditis, pericardial
effusion
definition and causes of acute pericarditis - Answers acute inflammation of pericardium (accumulation
of fluid), cause idiopathic or viral infection
clinical manifestations of acute pericarditis - Answers several days of fever, myalgias, and malaise, with
*sudden sharp severe chest pain that worsens with respirations and supine position*
treatments for acute pericarditis - Answers rest, NSAIDs, ASA/aspirin, colchicine
definition and causes of constrictive/restrictive pericarditis - Answers fibrous scarring with occasional
calcification of pericardium causes the visceral and parietal layers to adhere (encases heart in rigid shell
which compresses heart and reduces CO)
causes: idiopathic, TB
clinical manifestations of constrictive/restrictive pericarditis - Answers exercise intolerance, dyspnea on
exertion, fatigue, anorexia (d/t low CO = low O2 for cells)
treatment for constrictive/restrictive pericarditis - Answers dietary sodium restriction and diuretics
(furosemide)
why do we reduce Na and use diuretics for restrictive pericarditis? - Answers - improves CO by reducing
volume heart has to pump
- Furosemide fast-acting
- Less sodium = less fluid
normal range for potassium - Answers 3.5-5.0
definition of pericardial effusion - Answers accumulation of fluid in pericardial cavity
, what is the emergency related to pericardial effusion? - Answers tamponade
definition of tamponade - Answers rapid accumulation of fluid l/t sufficient pressure that causes cardiac
compression
in tampondade: the ____ pressure will be the same as the pressure that is _______ the heart - Answers
diastolic, surrounding
what happens if the heart is "stuffed" like a tampon? - Answers atria and ventricles cannot fill, leading to
decreased CO
BECPP symptoms of tamponade - Answers Big jugular distension
Extremely low BP
Can't hear the heart sound (muffled)
Pulsus Paradoxus
Persistent Pain
pulsus paradoxus - Answers Blood pressure difference of more than 10 mm Hg when pt is breathing in
and out
treatment for tamponade - Answers pericardiocentesis + furosemide
what are the types of cardiomyopathies? - Answers dilated, hypertrophic, restrictive
what happens when you have dilated cardiomyopathy? - Answers impaired systolic function -->
increased intracardiac volume --> ventricles dilate --> systolic HF
manifestations of dilated cardiomyopathy - Answers dyspnea, fatigue, pedal edema *HF SYMPTOMS*
treatments for dilated cardiomyopathy - Answers decrease volume, increase heart contractility, reverse
underlying disorder
what are the 2 types of hypertrophic cardiomyopathies? - Answers Hypertrophic obstructive
cardiomyopathy, Hypertensive or valvular hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
definition of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy - Answers inherited defect of a thick septal wall,
l/t obstruction when the HR increases and blood volume decreases (ex: exercise)
clinical manifestations of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy - Answers angina, syncope (fainting),
palpitations, symptoms of MI and LHF
definition of hypertensive/valvular hypertrophic cardiomyopathy - Answers hypertrophy of myocytes =
compensates for increased workload
