COGS 17 Final Exam Questions &
Answers 2025/2026
Ipsi-lateral - ANSWERSConnecting to the SAME side
Contra-lateral - ANSWERSConnecting to the OPPOSITE side
Lateral - ANSWERSTowards the sides
Medial - ANSWERSTowards the middle
Ventral - ANSWERSTowards the stomach or bottom of the human head
Dorsal - ANSWERSTowards the back or top of the human head
Superior - ANSWERSA structure above another
Inferior - ANSWERSA structure below another
Coronal - ANSWERSPlanes through head as seen from the front
Saggital - ANSWERSPlanes through head as seen from the side
Horizontal - ANSWERSPlanes through head as seen from above/below
, Neurons - ANSWERSCells in the Nervous System responsible for information transmission
Glial Cells - ANSWERSCells in the Nervous System responsible for support, feeding, recycling,
development, etc.
Ribosomes - ANSWERSOrganelles in a cell that are the site of protein production, crucial to
much neural functioning
Mitochondria - ANSWERSOrganelles in a cell that are the source of energy (ATP) to power active
(rather than passive) functions in a cell
Dendrites - ANSWERSProcesses (branches) of a neuron that receive the incoming message
Axons - ANSWERSProcesses (branches) of a neuron that releases the outgoing message
Concentration Gradient - ANSWERSDifference in the amount of a given chemical inside/outside
a cell
Electrical Gradient - ANSWERSDifference in charge inside/outside a cell
Na+, K+, Ca++, Cl- - ANSWERSSymbols for 4 key chemical elements in neural functioning -
including 3 positive ions and 1 negative ion
Resting Potential (-70 mV) - ANSWERSName for and amount of difference in charge
inside/outside cell, in millivolts (mV), in a polarized cell ready to fire
Sodium/Potassium Pump - ANSWERSEnergy-requiring pump that helps restore membrane
potential after cell fires
Answers 2025/2026
Ipsi-lateral - ANSWERSConnecting to the SAME side
Contra-lateral - ANSWERSConnecting to the OPPOSITE side
Lateral - ANSWERSTowards the sides
Medial - ANSWERSTowards the middle
Ventral - ANSWERSTowards the stomach or bottom of the human head
Dorsal - ANSWERSTowards the back or top of the human head
Superior - ANSWERSA structure above another
Inferior - ANSWERSA structure below another
Coronal - ANSWERSPlanes through head as seen from the front
Saggital - ANSWERSPlanes through head as seen from the side
Horizontal - ANSWERSPlanes through head as seen from above/below
, Neurons - ANSWERSCells in the Nervous System responsible for information transmission
Glial Cells - ANSWERSCells in the Nervous System responsible for support, feeding, recycling,
development, etc.
Ribosomes - ANSWERSOrganelles in a cell that are the site of protein production, crucial to
much neural functioning
Mitochondria - ANSWERSOrganelles in a cell that are the source of energy (ATP) to power active
(rather than passive) functions in a cell
Dendrites - ANSWERSProcesses (branches) of a neuron that receive the incoming message
Axons - ANSWERSProcesses (branches) of a neuron that releases the outgoing message
Concentration Gradient - ANSWERSDifference in the amount of a given chemical inside/outside
a cell
Electrical Gradient - ANSWERSDifference in charge inside/outside a cell
Na+, K+, Ca++, Cl- - ANSWERSSymbols for 4 key chemical elements in neural functioning -
including 3 positive ions and 1 negative ion
Resting Potential (-70 mV) - ANSWERSName for and amount of difference in charge
inside/outside cell, in millivolts (mV), in a polarized cell ready to fire
Sodium/Potassium Pump - ANSWERSEnergy-requiring pump that helps restore membrane
potential after cell fires
