ENT101 MODULE 4-6 Study questions and Answers
advantage of passive dispersal - ANS less energy
passive dispersal works best on what insects - ANS small ones
passive dispersal - ANS movement from external sources (wind, water, humans, etc)
human travel of insects has resulted in what - ANS invasive species
invasive species - ANS non-native organisms that can threat ecosystems, biodiversity, and/or
public health
limitation of passive dispersal - ANS little control over final destination and may not survive the
journey
passive travelling insects usually have high what - ANS reproductive rates
how can insects control their destination with passive travel - ANS by using active flight
phoresy - ANS a mode of passive dispersal in which there is a symbiotic relationship where 1
organism is transported by another species (transporter doesn't usually benefit)
active dispersal - ANS when an insect moves itself
what mode of dispersal is more common - ANS active
active dispersal increases the probability of what - ANS successfully finding a suitable habitat
,active dispersal requires what (2) - ANS 1. efficient locomotor appendages
2. sensory systems to recognize favourable habitats
water strider mode of locomotion - ANS skate across water surface with long legs and
hydrophobic hairs on their tarsi (packed together so air is trapped between them)
the hairs on water striders legs do what (2) - ANS 1. prevent the legs from breaking the surface
tension of the water
2. increase buoyancy of the insect
waterstrider legs support up to how much of the insects weight - ANS 15%
mid and hind legs of water striders are used for what - ANS mid: rowing
hind: steering
dragonfly nymphs use what for travel - ANS jet propulsion
jet propulsion in dragonfly nymphs - ANS rectal chamber at the end of the abdomen lined with
the gills is used to squeeze water out the chamber and push themselves forward
mosquito pupa travel how - ANS tumblers (somersault downwards when disturbed)
marangoni propulsion of beetles - ANS produce hydrophobic chemical mixture excreted
through the anus to lower surface tension of the water behind the beetles to propel forward
best insects at jumping - ANS froghopper and treehoppers
how do insects jump - ANS thoracic muscles and hind legs
,rolling in caterpillars - ANS propel down a slope by curling their bodies into wheels to avoid
predators (also seen by desert cartwheeling spiders)
insects have more or less muscles than vertebrates - ANS more
how do muscles interact with the exoskeleton - ANS cuticle holds muscles on either side and
strengthened by ridges called apodemes
attachment sites on the exoskeleton for muscles can also contain what - ANS resilin (elastic
protein like tendons)
soft bodied insects move how - ANS by having a hydrostatic skeleton for muscles to attach to
how do muscles of soft bodied insects operate - ANS through turgidity (muscles contract for
pressure causing extension in a relaxed part of the body)
most insects have how many legs - ANS 6 (2 on each thoracic segment)
6 segments of insect legs starting with the closest to the body - ANS 1. coxa
2. trochanter
3. femur
4. tibia
5. tarsus
6. pretarsus
(all move independently)
musculature to move the entire leg is attached where - ANS the sternum and coxa
, leg bases are located where - ANS ventrally on the body to allow neuromuscular mechanisms (=
better efficiency and more control)
retraction - ANS fore and hind legs on one side of the body and midleg on the opposite side
push
the tripod gait is made up of what (2) - ANS retraction and protraction
protraction - ANS remaining legs are lifted and move forward
tripod gait is good why - ANS greater stability
cursorial legs - ANS running legs (most basic)
cursorial legs are structured how - ANS elongated and slim with a well developed femur and
tibia (increase stride frequency)
example of an insect with cursorial legs - ANS cockroaches
raptorial legs - ANS grasping legs
raptorial leg structure - ANS spines on tibia and femur for grip (usually in forelegs)
example of insects with raptorial legs - ANS praying mantis (usually predatory insects)
fossorial legs - ANS digging legs
advantage of passive dispersal - ANS less energy
passive dispersal works best on what insects - ANS small ones
passive dispersal - ANS movement from external sources (wind, water, humans, etc)
human travel of insects has resulted in what - ANS invasive species
invasive species - ANS non-native organisms that can threat ecosystems, biodiversity, and/or
public health
limitation of passive dispersal - ANS little control over final destination and may not survive the
journey
passive travelling insects usually have high what - ANS reproductive rates
how can insects control their destination with passive travel - ANS by using active flight
phoresy - ANS a mode of passive dispersal in which there is a symbiotic relationship where 1
organism is transported by another species (transporter doesn't usually benefit)
active dispersal - ANS when an insect moves itself
what mode of dispersal is more common - ANS active
active dispersal increases the probability of what - ANS successfully finding a suitable habitat
,active dispersal requires what (2) - ANS 1. efficient locomotor appendages
2. sensory systems to recognize favourable habitats
water strider mode of locomotion - ANS skate across water surface with long legs and
hydrophobic hairs on their tarsi (packed together so air is trapped between them)
the hairs on water striders legs do what (2) - ANS 1. prevent the legs from breaking the surface
tension of the water
2. increase buoyancy of the insect
waterstrider legs support up to how much of the insects weight - ANS 15%
mid and hind legs of water striders are used for what - ANS mid: rowing
hind: steering
dragonfly nymphs use what for travel - ANS jet propulsion
jet propulsion in dragonfly nymphs - ANS rectal chamber at the end of the abdomen lined with
the gills is used to squeeze water out the chamber and push themselves forward
mosquito pupa travel how - ANS tumblers (somersault downwards when disturbed)
marangoni propulsion of beetles - ANS produce hydrophobic chemical mixture excreted
through the anus to lower surface tension of the water behind the beetles to propel forward
best insects at jumping - ANS froghopper and treehoppers
how do insects jump - ANS thoracic muscles and hind legs
,rolling in caterpillars - ANS propel down a slope by curling their bodies into wheels to avoid
predators (also seen by desert cartwheeling spiders)
insects have more or less muscles than vertebrates - ANS more
how do muscles interact with the exoskeleton - ANS cuticle holds muscles on either side and
strengthened by ridges called apodemes
attachment sites on the exoskeleton for muscles can also contain what - ANS resilin (elastic
protein like tendons)
soft bodied insects move how - ANS by having a hydrostatic skeleton for muscles to attach to
how do muscles of soft bodied insects operate - ANS through turgidity (muscles contract for
pressure causing extension in a relaxed part of the body)
most insects have how many legs - ANS 6 (2 on each thoracic segment)
6 segments of insect legs starting with the closest to the body - ANS 1. coxa
2. trochanter
3. femur
4. tibia
5. tarsus
6. pretarsus
(all move independently)
musculature to move the entire leg is attached where - ANS the sternum and coxa
, leg bases are located where - ANS ventrally on the body to allow neuromuscular mechanisms (=
better efficiency and more control)
retraction - ANS fore and hind legs on one side of the body and midleg on the opposite side
push
the tripod gait is made up of what (2) - ANS retraction and protraction
protraction - ANS remaining legs are lifted and move forward
tripod gait is good why - ANS greater stability
cursorial legs - ANS running legs (most basic)
cursorial legs are structured how - ANS elongated and slim with a well developed femur and
tibia (increase stride frequency)
example of an insect with cursorial legs - ANS cockroaches
raptorial legs - ANS grasping legs
raptorial leg structure - ANS spines on tibia and femur for grip (usually in forelegs)
example of insects with raptorial legs - ANS praying mantis (usually predatory insects)
fossorial legs - ANS digging legs
