Energy (E) - Correct Answers capacity to do work
measured in Joules
Kinetic energy - Correct Answers energy of movement
-heat: movement of molecules
-light: movement of photons
-electricity: movement of electrons
Potentital energy - Correct Answers stored energy
-chemical energy: if bonds are broken we get energy out that has the ability to be kinetic energy
1st Law of Thermodynamics - Correct Answers -energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can
change forms
-changes in the forms of energy surround us every day
The biggest source of energy is the *?* - Correct Answers sun
shorter wavelength = *?* energy - Correct Answers higher
longer wavelength = *?* energy - Correct Answers lower
E = hc / wavelength - Correct Answers h = planck's constant
c = speed of light (constant)
E is inversely related to wavelength
,Why do shorter wavelengths have greater E? - Correct Answers Each wave carries energy (photons);
shorter wavelength is more humps between two locations so more energy
Light wavelengths - Correct Answers blue light ~450 nm
red light ~660 nm
What happens when light strikes an object? - Correct Answers -reflected
-transmitted
-absorbed: the E is transferred to the molecules of the object; photosynthesis
ATP - Correct Answers adenosine Tri phosphate
-used to transport E around cells
-chemical bonds between phosphates
ATP to ADP - Correct Answers by breaking bond, energy stored in that bond are now available for use
(breaking down ATP into ADP)
-ADP has less energy than ATP because it doesn't have the stored energy between second and third
phosphate group
-energy connecting 3rd phosphate to second can be used for other processes
-needs energy input
in a typical cell
-cycle occurs 1,000-1,500 times per molecule of ATP each day
-this is how our cells move and use energy
Photosynthesis - Correct Answers -the process by which light energy is used to make carbohydrate
molecules from CO2 and water
-takes place in chloroplasts (packed in the cell)
-contain pigment chlorophyll
,-pigment: molecuels that absorb light of a particular wavelength (color)
-chlorophyll absorbed red, blue, and violet light
-reflecting wavelength in the middle (green)
Of the following wavelengths (colors) of light, which one do grass plants use most for photosynthesis?
a. green
b. blue
c. yellow
d. orange - Correct Answers b. blue
What does chlorophyll do with the E? - Correct Answers *light-dependent reactions*
-ATP is synthesized (meaning that a 3rd phosphate group is added to ADP; absorbed energy ends up in
bonds between 2nd and 3rd phosphate group)
-NADPH is generated (another E-carrier molecule)
-Water (H2O) is split apart in the process, releasing oxygen (O2) as a by-product
*light-independent reactions*
-the E from ATP and NADPH are used to build glucose from CO2 and water (=Calvin Cycle)
Requirements for photosynthesis - Correct Answers sunlight
water
CO2
products of photosynthesis - Correct Answers glucose
O2 = byproduct
What happens with glucose? - Correct Answers -make other organic molecules in the plant
-make ATP out of it where needed
, Gene - Correct Answers a segment of DNA with instructions for building a protein molecule
-specifies the sequence of a.a. that make up the protein
Alleles - Correct Answers different possible forms of the same gene
-differ in DNA sequence, and therefore in proteins structure they code
-there may be many different alleles of the same gene
-any 1 person can have max of 2 different alleles (b/c two copies of each chromosome)
Great Oxygenation Event - Correct Answers -sometime between 3 and 2.3 billion years ago
-before that: all organisms heterotrophic prokaryotes
-cyanobacteria evolved photosynthesis (more efficient: 10-20x higher metabolism rates; autotrophs
spread fast)
-O2 produced as a by-product (lead to some O2 levels, about 3%, in atmosphere)
Consequences of O2 accumulation in atmosphere/oceans - Correct Answers -minerals forced (banded
iron ore)
-ozone layer formed (protection from UV light)
-free O2 is toxic to cells (global mass extinction)
-O2 reacted with methane (Greenhouse gas), removing it from atmosphere --> snowball ice age (2.4-2.1
billion years ago)
-some prokaryotes evolved ways to use O2 (leading to evolution of cellular respiration)
-(later) eukaryotes with chloroplasts (more effective photosynthesis, even higher O2 levels)
-(much later) evolution of multicellular life
measured in Joules
Kinetic energy - Correct Answers energy of movement
-heat: movement of molecules
-light: movement of photons
-electricity: movement of electrons
Potentital energy - Correct Answers stored energy
-chemical energy: if bonds are broken we get energy out that has the ability to be kinetic energy
1st Law of Thermodynamics - Correct Answers -energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can
change forms
-changes in the forms of energy surround us every day
The biggest source of energy is the *?* - Correct Answers sun
shorter wavelength = *?* energy - Correct Answers higher
longer wavelength = *?* energy - Correct Answers lower
E = hc / wavelength - Correct Answers h = planck's constant
c = speed of light (constant)
E is inversely related to wavelength
,Why do shorter wavelengths have greater E? - Correct Answers Each wave carries energy (photons);
shorter wavelength is more humps between two locations so more energy
Light wavelengths - Correct Answers blue light ~450 nm
red light ~660 nm
What happens when light strikes an object? - Correct Answers -reflected
-transmitted
-absorbed: the E is transferred to the molecules of the object; photosynthesis
ATP - Correct Answers adenosine Tri phosphate
-used to transport E around cells
-chemical bonds between phosphates
ATP to ADP - Correct Answers by breaking bond, energy stored in that bond are now available for use
(breaking down ATP into ADP)
-ADP has less energy than ATP because it doesn't have the stored energy between second and third
phosphate group
-energy connecting 3rd phosphate to second can be used for other processes
-needs energy input
in a typical cell
-cycle occurs 1,000-1,500 times per molecule of ATP each day
-this is how our cells move and use energy
Photosynthesis - Correct Answers -the process by which light energy is used to make carbohydrate
molecules from CO2 and water
-takes place in chloroplasts (packed in the cell)
-contain pigment chlorophyll
,-pigment: molecuels that absorb light of a particular wavelength (color)
-chlorophyll absorbed red, blue, and violet light
-reflecting wavelength in the middle (green)
Of the following wavelengths (colors) of light, which one do grass plants use most for photosynthesis?
a. green
b. blue
c. yellow
d. orange - Correct Answers b. blue
What does chlorophyll do with the E? - Correct Answers *light-dependent reactions*
-ATP is synthesized (meaning that a 3rd phosphate group is added to ADP; absorbed energy ends up in
bonds between 2nd and 3rd phosphate group)
-NADPH is generated (another E-carrier molecule)
-Water (H2O) is split apart in the process, releasing oxygen (O2) as a by-product
*light-independent reactions*
-the E from ATP and NADPH are used to build glucose from CO2 and water (=Calvin Cycle)
Requirements for photosynthesis - Correct Answers sunlight
water
CO2
products of photosynthesis - Correct Answers glucose
O2 = byproduct
What happens with glucose? - Correct Answers -make other organic molecules in the plant
-make ATP out of it where needed
, Gene - Correct Answers a segment of DNA with instructions for building a protein molecule
-specifies the sequence of a.a. that make up the protein
Alleles - Correct Answers different possible forms of the same gene
-differ in DNA sequence, and therefore in proteins structure they code
-there may be many different alleles of the same gene
-any 1 person can have max of 2 different alleles (b/c two copies of each chromosome)
Great Oxygenation Event - Correct Answers -sometime between 3 and 2.3 billion years ago
-before that: all organisms heterotrophic prokaryotes
-cyanobacteria evolved photosynthesis (more efficient: 10-20x higher metabolism rates; autotrophs
spread fast)
-O2 produced as a by-product (lead to some O2 levels, about 3%, in atmosphere)
Consequences of O2 accumulation in atmosphere/oceans - Correct Answers -minerals forced (banded
iron ore)
-ozone layer formed (protection from UV light)
-free O2 is toxic to cells (global mass extinction)
-O2 reacted with methane (Greenhouse gas), removing it from atmosphere --> snowball ice age (2.4-2.1
billion years ago)
-some prokaryotes evolved ways to use O2 (leading to evolution of cellular respiration)
-(later) eukaryotes with chloroplasts (more effective photosynthesis, even higher O2 levels)
-(much later) evolution of multicellular life
