BIO 250- EXAM 4 STUDY GUIDE
QUESTIONS AND ACTUAL ANSWERS.
Gas exchange
Communication
Sense of smell
Acid-base balance
Expulsion of abdominal contents - Answer What are the functions of the respiratory system?
Nostrils
Nasal cavity
Oral cavity
Pharynx - Answer What are the structures of the upper respiratory tract?
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchus
Lungs
Diaphragm - Answer What are the structures of the lower respiratory tract?
Lots of sensory nerve endings
Produces mucus
Humidify and warm the inspired air
Removes particles debris before air reaches the lower airways - Answer What is the function of the
nasal cavity?
The throat
One of its primary functions is to warm and humidify air before it reaches the lungs - Answer What is
the function of the pharynx?
,Acts as an airway
Switches food to air
Voice production - Answer What is the function of the larynx?
"windpipe"
Transport air to and from the lungs - Answer What is the function of the trachea?
The airways that lead from the trachea into the lungs and then branch off into progressively smaller
structures until they reach the alveoli - Answer What is the function of the bronchi?
Move fresh air into your body while removing waste gases - Answer What is the function of the lungs?
Major muscle of respiration
Contracts rhythmically and continually - Answer What is the function of the diaphragm?
Where the lungs and the blood exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide during the process of breathing in
and breathing out - Answer What is the function of the alveoli?
- Carry air, but do not exchange it
- Includes the nose and its adjacent structures, the pharynx, the larynx, the trachea, and the bronchi. -
Answer What is the conducting zone of the respiratory system?
- Sites of exchange
- Includes the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli, and is the site of oxygen and carbon
dioxide exchange with the blood. - Answer What is the respiratory zone of the respiratory system?
A major organ of the respiratory system, each lung houses structures of both the conducting and
respiratory zones. The main function of the lungs is to perform the exchange of oxygen and carbon
dioxide with air from the atmosphere. - Answer What is the structure of the lungs?
,There are two layers; the outer pleura (parietal pleura) is attached to the chest wall and the inner pleura
(visceral pleura) covers the lungs and adjoining structures, via blood vessels, bronchi and nerves. -
Answer What are the pleural coverings of the lungs?
The outer pleura of the lungs attached to the chest wall - Answer What is the parietal pleura?
The inner pleura covers the lungs and adjoining structures, via blood vessels, bronchi and nerves. -
Answer What is the visceral pleura?
- Consists of the alveolar wall, the capillary wall, and their basement membranes.
- Very thin (less than 0.5 mm). - Answer What is the structure of the respiratory membrane?
Where the alveolar and capillary walls meet, gases move across the membranes, with oxygen entering
the bloodstream and carbon dioxide exiting - Answer What is the function of the respiratory
membrane?
The process through which cells convert sugars into energy. - Answer What is cellular respiration?
An exchange of gases occurring between the alveoli and pulmonary blood (pulmonary gas exchange) -
Answer What is external respiration?
An exchange of gases occurring between the blood and tissue cells (systemic capillary gas exchange) -
Answer What is internal respiration?
Commonly referred to as breathing.
It is the process of air flowing into the lungs during inspiration and out of the lungs during expiration -
Answer What is pulmonary ventilation?
Exhalation - Answer What is expiration?
Inhalation - Answer What is inspiration?
, - Diaphragm moves inferiorly during contraction
- Diaphragm moves superiorly as it relaxes
- This movement causes the rib cage to shrink and expand which changes the volume and pressure in the
thoracic cavity - Answer Explain how the respiratory muscles cause volume changes that lead to air
flow into and out of the lungs (breathing)
The amount of air that moves in or out of the lungs with each respiratory cycle - Answer What is tidal
volume?
- Measured using several techniques and at several sites in the breathing circuit.
- Common measures include the setting on the ventilator control panel, bellows excursion, and flow
through the inspiratory or expiratory limbs of the circuit. - Answer How do you measure tidal volume?
The greatest volume of air that can be expelled from the lungs after taking the deepest possible breath. -
Answer What is vital capacity?
- Varies according to age and body size
- It is calculated by summing tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and expiratory reserve volume
- VC = TV+IRV+ERV. - Answer How do you measure vital capacity?
The extra volume of air that can be expired with maximum effort beyond the level reached at the end of
a normal, quiet expiration. - Answer What is expiratory reserve volume?
- ERV = TLC − IRV − RV − TV
- Your ERV will be higher when you are standing than when you are sitting. - Answer How do you
measure expiratory reserve volume?
The extra volume of air that can be inspired with maximal effort after reaching the end of a normal, quiet
inspiration. - Answer What is inspiratory reserve volume?
May be measured using a spirometer - Answer How do you measure inspiratory reserve volume?
QUESTIONS AND ACTUAL ANSWERS.
Gas exchange
Communication
Sense of smell
Acid-base balance
Expulsion of abdominal contents - Answer What are the functions of the respiratory system?
Nostrils
Nasal cavity
Oral cavity
Pharynx - Answer What are the structures of the upper respiratory tract?
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchus
Lungs
Diaphragm - Answer What are the structures of the lower respiratory tract?
Lots of sensory nerve endings
Produces mucus
Humidify and warm the inspired air
Removes particles debris before air reaches the lower airways - Answer What is the function of the
nasal cavity?
The throat
One of its primary functions is to warm and humidify air before it reaches the lungs - Answer What is
the function of the pharynx?
,Acts as an airway
Switches food to air
Voice production - Answer What is the function of the larynx?
"windpipe"
Transport air to and from the lungs - Answer What is the function of the trachea?
The airways that lead from the trachea into the lungs and then branch off into progressively smaller
structures until they reach the alveoli - Answer What is the function of the bronchi?
Move fresh air into your body while removing waste gases - Answer What is the function of the lungs?
Major muscle of respiration
Contracts rhythmically and continually - Answer What is the function of the diaphragm?
Where the lungs and the blood exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide during the process of breathing in
and breathing out - Answer What is the function of the alveoli?
- Carry air, but do not exchange it
- Includes the nose and its adjacent structures, the pharynx, the larynx, the trachea, and the bronchi. -
Answer What is the conducting zone of the respiratory system?
- Sites of exchange
- Includes the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli, and is the site of oxygen and carbon
dioxide exchange with the blood. - Answer What is the respiratory zone of the respiratory system?
A major organ of the respiratory system, each lung houses structures of both the conducting and
respiratory zones. The main function of the lungs is to perform the exchange of oxygen and carbon
dioxide with air from the atmosphere. - Answer What is the structure of the lungs?
,There are two layers; the outer pleura (parietal pleura) is attached to the chest wall and the inner pleura
(visceral pleura) covers the lungs and adjoining structures, via blood vessels, bronchi and nerves. -
Answer What are the pleural coverings of the lungs?
The outer pleura of the lungs attached to the chest wall - Answer What is the parietal pleura?
The inner pleura covers the lungs and adjoining structures, via blood vessels, bronchi and nerves. -
Answer What is the visceral pleura?
- Consists of the alveolar wall, the capillary wall, and their basement membranes.
- Very thin (less than 0.5 mm). - Answer What is the structure of the respiratory membrane?
Where the alveolar and capillary walls meet, gases move across the membranes, with oxygen entering
the bloodstream and carbon dioxide exiting - Answer What is the function of the respiratory
membrane?
The process through which cells convert sugars into energy. - Answer What is cellular respiration?
An exchange of gases occurring between the alveoli and pulmonary blood (pulmonary gas exchange) -
Answer What is external respiration?
An exchange of gases occurring between the blood and tissue cells (systemic capillary gas exchange) -
Answer What is internal respiration?
Commonly referred to as breathing.
It is the process of air flowing into the lungs during inspiration and out of the lungs during expiration -
Answer What is pulmonary ventilation?
Exhalation - Answer What is expiration?
Inhalation - Answer What is inspiration?
, - Diaphragm moves inferiorly during contraction
- Diaphragm moves superiorly as it relaxes
- This movement causes the rib cage to shrink and expand which changes the volume and pressure in the
thoracic cavity - Answer Explain how the respiratory muscles cause volume changes that lead to air
flow into and out of the lungs (breathing)
The amount of air that moves in or out of the lungs with each respiratory cycle - Answer What is tidal
volume?
- Measured using several techniques and at several sites in the breathing circuit.
- Common measures include the setting on the ventilator control panel, bellows excursion, and flow
through the inspiratory or expiratory limbs of the circuit. - Answer How do you measure tidal volume?
The greatest volume of air that can be expelled from the lungs after taking the deepest possible breath. -
Answer What is vital capacity?
- Varies according to age and body size
- It is calculated by summing tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and expiratory reserve volume
- VC = TV+IRV+ERV. - Answer How do you measure vital capacity?
The extra volume of air that can be expired with maximum effort beyond the level reached at the end of
a normal, quiet expiration. - Answer What is expiratory reserve volume?
- ERV = TLC − IRV − RV − TV
- Your ERV will be higher when you are standing than when you are sitting. - Answer How do you
measure expiratory reserve volume?
The extra volume of air that can be inspired with maximal effort after reaching the end of a normal, quiet
inspiration. - Answer What is inspiratory reserve volume?
May be measured using a spirometer - Answer How do you measure inspiratory reserve volume?
