Spy 120 STUDY PAPER 2025/2026 QUESTIONS AND 100%
ANSWERS
a. behaviourism
Correct: ehaviourism had a tremendous influence on the study of learning in the
twentieth century as it accounts for behaviour in terms of observable acts and events. - 1) Which of
the following schools of thought heavily influenced the study of learning in
the twentieth century?
d. observable events and acts are the focus of psychological research.
Correct: ehaviourism accounts for behaviour in terms of observable acts and events,
without reference to mental entities such as "mind" or "will." - 2) According to the behaviourists:
b. conditioning
Correct: ehaviourists focus on conditioning, which involves associations among
environmental stimuli and behaviour. This includes classical conditioning and operant
conditioning. - 3) Behaviourists focus on a basic kind of learning called ________
c. Learning
Correct: The textbook defines learning as a relatively permanent change in behaviour (or
behavioural potential) due to experience. - 4) ________ is a relatively permanent change in
behaviour (or behavioural potential) that
occurs due to experience.
d. It explains behaviour in terms of observable acts and events, without reference to
mental entities such as the "mind."
Correct: The behaviourist school of psychology accounts for behaviour in terms of
observable acts and events. The behavioural perspective emphasizes the influence of
prior experience on current behaviour, rather than thoughts or other aspects of the
"mind." - 5) Which of the following statements is true of the behaviourist perspective?
a. food
Correct: The unconditioned, or unlearned, stimulus was the food, which automatically
,caused salivation, an innate reflex. - 6) Ivan Pavlov studied the reflexive flow of saliva in dogs. He
used meat powder or other
food to trigger the salivation. It was later observed that the salivation in the dog was
triggered even before the food was placed in its mouth. In this experiment, ________ was
the unconditioned stimulus.
b. unconditioned stimulus
Correct: The meat powder triggered salivation even before learning. It was, therefore, an
unconditioned stimulus. The salivation was the unconditioned response. - 7) Ivan Pavlov studied the
reflexive flow of saliva in dogs. He used meat powder or other
food to trigger the salivation. In this instance, the meat powder was the ________.
c. salivation
Correct: The unconditioned, or unlearned, response is elicited by the unconditioned
stimulus. The food elicited an unconditioned response of salivating. - 8) Ivan Pavlov studied the
reflexive flow of saliva in dogs. He used meat powder or other
food to trigger the salivation. It was later observed that the salivation in the dog was
triggered even before the food was placed in its mouth. In this experiment, ________ was
the unconditioned response.
c. conditioned stimulus
Correct: In classical conditioning, the conditioned stimulus is initially neutral. - 9) The neutral
stimulus, when paired with an unconditioned stimulus, becomes a(n)
________ in classical conditioning.
d. a conditioned response
Correct: A conditioned response is a response that is elicited by a conditioned stimulus; it
occurs after the conditioned stimulus has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus. - 10) When a
response occurs to a previously neutral stimulus, it is called ________.
a. unconditioned response
Correct: hen salivation occurs in response to food, it is called an unconditioned
response. - 11) In the initial salivary reflex studied by Pavlov, the dogs salivated when food was
,placed in their mouths. This salivation was a(n)________.
d. conditioned stimulus
Correct: The food dish was initially neutral, but then began to trigger salivation. It had
become a conditioned stimulus. - 12) Ivan Pavlov studied the reflexive flow of saliva in dogs. He used
meat powder to
trigger the salivation. It was later observed that the salivation occurred even before the
food was placed in its mouth—at the sight of the food dish. The food dish acted as a(n)
________.
c. conditioned response
Correct: The dogs were conditioned to salivate to the food dish because it was paired
with food. Therefore, their response to the food dish alone was a conditioned response. - 13) Ivan
Pavlov studied the reflexive flow of saliva in dogs. He used meat powder to
trigger the salivation. It was later observed that the salivation occurred even before the
food was placed in the dog's mouth—at the sight of the food dish. The salivation at the
sight of the food dish is an example of a(n) ________.
d. sour lemon gummy candy.
Correct: The unconditioned stimulus that already causes salivation is the sour candy. The
white bag is an initially neutral stimulus associated with sour candy that begins to trigger
salivation as well. The white bag is a conditioned stimulus. - 14) Every week Jade spends her
allowance on 225 grams of sour lemon gummy candies
even though they always make her mouth water. One day, as she is walking down the
street, Jade sees a girl carrying a little white bag that looks like a candy shop bag! Jade
notices that her mouth is puckering and overflowing with saliva. In this example, the
unconditioned stimulus is the:
a. unconditioned stimulus.
Correct: nconditioned stimulus is the classical conditioning term for a stimulus that
elicits a reflexive response in the absence of learning. - 15) When Tang kissed Kaila, her heart rate
increased. Tang always wore the same body
, spray. Whenever Kaila smelled that body spray, her heart raced. Tang's kiss was the:
c. conditioned stimulus.
Correct: In classical conditioning, the conditioned stimulus is initially neutral, but after
being paired with an unconditioned stimulus it elicits a response on its own. In this
example, Laura's heart rate changes in response to the body spray because the smell had
been previously paired with Luke and the kiss. - 16) When Luke kissed Laura, her heart rate
increased. Luke always wore the same body
spray. Whenever Laura smelled that body spray, her heart raced. The smell of the body
spray was the:
a. A child learns to blink her eyes to a bell because the ringing of the bell has been
followed by a puff of air to the eye.
Correct: In classical conditioning, a previously neutral stimulus acquires the capacity to
elicit a response through association with a stimulus that already elicits a similar or
related response. - 17) Which of the following is an example of classical conditioning?
a. a neutral stimulus is regularly paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
Correct: Pavlov developed the study of classical conditioning. According to the principles
of classical conditioning, learning occurs when a neutral stimulus is regularly paired
with an unconditioned stimulus that already elicits the response of interest. - 18) According to
Pavlov, learning occurs when:
a. unconditioned stimulus
Correct: An unconditioned stimulus is one that already elicits a certain response without
additional learning. - 19) In classical conditioning, the ________ elicits a reflexive response in the
absence of
learning
c. conditioned stimulus
Correct: A conditioned stimulus is initially a neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a
ANSWERS
a. behaviourism
Correct: ehaviourism had a tremendous influence on the study of learning in the
twentieth century as it accounts for behaviour in terms of observable acts and events. - 1) Which of
the following schools of thought heavily influenced the study of learning in
the twentieth century?
d. observable events and acts are the focus of psychological research.
Correct: ehaviourism accounts for behaviour in terms of observable acts and events,
without reference to mental entities such as "mind" or "will." - 2) According to the behaviourists:
b. conditioning
Correct: ehaviourists focus on conditioning, which involves associations among
environmental stimuli and behaviour. This includes classical conditioning and operant
conditioning. - 3) Behaviourists focus on a basic kind of learning called ________
c. Learning
Correct: The textbook defines learning as a relatively permanent change in behaviour (or
behavioural potential) due to experience. - 4) ________ is a relatively permanent change in
behaviour (or behavioural potential) that
occurs due to experience.
d. It explains behaviour in terms of observable acts and events, without reference to
mental entities such as the "mind."
Correct: The behaviourist school of psychology accounts for behaviour in terms of
observable acts and events. The behavioural perspective emphasizes the influence of
prior experience on current behaviour, rather than thoughts or other aspects of the
"mind." - 5) Which of the following statements is true of the behaviourist perspective?
a. food
Correct: The unconditioned, or unlearned, stimulus was the food, which automatically
,caused salivation, an innate reflex. - 6) Ivan Pavlov studied the reflexive flow of saliva in dogs. He
used meat powder or other
food to trigger the salivation. It was later observed that the salivation in the dog was
triggered even before the food was placed in its mouth. In this experiment, ________ was
the unconditioned stimulus.
b. unconditioned stimulus
Correct: The meat powder triggered salivation even before learning. It was, therefore, an
unconditioned stimulus. The salivation was the unconditioned response. - 7) Ivan Pavlov studied the
reflexive flow of saliva in dogs. He used meat powder or other
food to trigger the salivation. In this instance, the meat powder was the ________.
c. salivation
Correct: The unconditioned, or unlearned, response is elicited by the unconditioned
stimulus. The food elicited an unconditioned response of salivating. - 8) Ivan Pavlov studied the
reflexive flow of saliva in dogs. He used meat powder or other
food to trigger the salivation. It was later observed that the salivation in the dog was
triggered even before the food was placed in its mouth. In this experiment, ________ was
the unconditioned response.
c. conditioned stimulus
Correct: In classical conditioning, the conditioned stimulus is initially neutral. - 9) The neutral
stimulus, when paired with an unconditioned stimulus, becomes a(n)
________ in classical conditioning.
d. a conditioned response
Correct: A conditioned response is a response that is elicited by a conditioned stimulus; it
occurs after the conditioned stimulus has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus. - 10) When a
response occurs to a previously neutral stimulus, it is called ________.
a. unconditioned response
Correct: hen salivation occurs in response to food, it is called an unconditioned
response. - 11) In the initial salivary reflex studied by Pavlov, the dogs salivated when food was
,placed in their mouths. This salivation was a(n)________.
d. conditioned stimulus
Correct: The food dish was initially neutral, but then began to trigger salivation. It had
become a conditioned stimulus. - 12) Ivan Pavlov studied the reflexive flow of saliva in dogs. He used
meat powder to
trigger the salivation. It was later observed that the salivation occurred even before the
food was placed in its mouth—at the sight of the food dish. The food dish acted as a(n)
________.
c. conditioned response
Correct: The dogs were conditioned to salivate to the food dish because it was paired
with food. Therefore, their response to the food dish alone was a conditioned response. - 13) Ivan
Pavlov studied the reflexive flow of saliva in dogs. He used meat powder to
trigger the salivation. It was later observed that the salivation occurred even before the
food was placed in the dog's mouth—at the sight of the food dish. The salivation at the
sight of the food dish is an example of a(n) ________.
d. sour lemon gummy candy.
Correct: The unconditioned stimulus that already causes salivation is the sour candy. The
white bag is an initially neutral stimulus associated with sour candy that begins to trigger
salivation as well. The white bag is a conditioned stimulus. - 14) Every week Jade spends her
allowance on 225 grams of sour lemon gummy candies
even though they always make her mouth water. One day, as she is walking down the
street, Jade sees a girl carrying a little white bag that looks like a candy shop bag! Jade
notices that her mouth is puckering and overflowing with saliva. In this example, the
unconditioned stimulus is the:
a. unconditioned stimulus.
Correct: nconditioned stimulus is the classical conditioning term for a stimulus that
elicits a reflexive response in the absence of learning. - 15) When Tang kissed Kaila, her heart rate
increased. Tang always wore the same body
, spray. Whenever Kaila smelled that body spray, her heart raced. Tang's kiss was the:
c. conditioned stimulus.
Correct: In classical conditioning, the conditioned stimulus is initially neutral, but after
being paired with an unconditioned stimulus it elicits a response on its own. In this
example, Laura's heart rate changes in response to the body spray because the smell had
been previously paired with Luke and the kiss. - 16) When Luke kissed Laura, her heart rate
increased. Luke always wore the same body
spray. Whenever Laura smelled that body spray, her heart raced. The smell of the body
spray was the:
a. A child learns to blink her eyes to a bell because the ringing of the bell has been
followed by a puff of air to the eye.
Correct: In classical conditioning, a previously neutral stimulus acquires the capacity to
elicit a response through association with a stimulus that already elicits a similar or
related response. - 17) Which of the following is an example of classical conditioning?
a. a neutral stimulus is regularly paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
Correct: Pavlov developed the study of classical conditioning. According to the principles
of classical conditioning, learning occurs when a neutral stimulus is regularly paired
with an unconditioned stimulus that already elicits the response of interest. - 18) According to
Pavlov, learning occurs when:
a. unconditioned stimulus
Correct: An unconditioned stimulus is one that already elicits a certain response without
additional learning. - 19) In classical conditioning, the ________ elicits a reflexive response in the
absence of
learning
c. conditioned stimulus
Correct: A conditioned stimulus is initially a neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a
