PY 201 Exam 1 | Q & A (Complete Solutions)

PY 201 Exam 1 | Q & A (Complete Solutions) Because the changes that occur over time are patterned and orderly, human development is considered a(n) ________ process. a. sequential b. temporal c. systematic d. linear Agnes recently moved to a long-term care facility after seven decades on the farm where she was born, because it was unsafe for her to live there alone. From a developmental perspective, which term best describes Agnes? a. mentally declining b. biologically aging c. cognitively losing d. physically failing In recent years, the media has been filled with stories about the outsize role that millennials have - for better or worse - on American society. What is the focus of these media stories? a. a socioeconomic status b. a rite of passage c. an age grade d. a social clock Many people around the age of 40 experience a "midlife crisis," in which they look at what they have accomplished, wonder if they are on the right track, and often decide to make some changes. What is the basis for this feeling of personal crisis? a. social clock b. life expectancy c. age grade d. development tier Which of the following would NOT be considered a strong guiding factor for someone who supports the nature perspective of development? a. sexual hormones b. parent behaviors c. human evolution d. ancestor genes If you interviewed a developmental scientist today regarding the nature-nurture debate, what opinion would they likely offer? a. that nature precedes nurture b. that nature and nurture work together c. that recent evidence discounts nature d. that nurture supersedes nature Which of the goals of human development could be considered solutions-based? a. explanation b. prediction c. optimization d. description Celia's work is focused on programs to help toddlers develop a vocabulary that will set them up for success in kindergarten. She spends a considerable amount of time conducting research and gathering evidence to determine the ________ of various program methods. a. bias b. cost c. interplay d. efficacy Seven-year-old Jerry was taken in by his loving, suburban grandparents after his mother was jailed for prostitution and selling crack cocaine. In less than a year, Jerry's reading and math scores increased by 60 percent. Which of the following played a primary role in Jerry's improved academic performance? a. genetics b. hormones c. plasticity d. age grade Since she retired, Surlene has become a whiz at crossword puzzles and other word games. She just wishes her creaky old knees would still let her play volleyball like she used to. Surlene's experience is an example of which aspect of human development? a. gerontology b. plasticity c. multidirectionality d. biology Which of the following is considered the foundation of the scientific method? a. theories b. experiments c. hypotheses d. data A researcher who is a strong proponent of the role of nature in human development would likely favor which of the following data collection methods? a. verbal reporting b. structured experiment c. physiological measurement d. naturalistic observation Dr. Hazar recently completed data collection on an adult subject who was born with a rare birth defect. Once she completes her research, she hopes to have it published in a scientific journal to share valuable insights with others who are studying this condition. What research method did Dr. Hazar likely utilize? a. correlational design b. experimental control c. case study d. structured biography Which of the following research methods offers the most perspective on a causal relationship between two factors? a. random b. correlational c. directional d. experimental Carol has identified a group of five-year-old boys to be studied in her cross-sectional research design. What other group will she likely include in this research? a. more five-year-old boys b. ten-year-old boys c. five-year-old girls d. random boys and girls The famous Framingham Heart Study has been tracking the cardiovascular health of a cohort - and subsequent generations - since 1948. What type of research design does this study employ? a. time-of-measurement b. longitudinal c. cross-sectional d. meta-analysis In Henrich's perspective on psychology as being the study of WEIRD people, the letter D means that these subjects are ________. a. developed b. diverse c. deficient d. democratic After Liam graduated from a prestigious Ivy League college, he set up a clinic in a poor community in Alabama, because he believed that his esteemed Northeastern background would enable him to best understand and solve the problem of Southerners. From a developmental research perspective, which term best describes Liam? a. prejudiced b. ethnocentric c. ignorant d. unethica When an institutional review board is working to determine whether a particular research study is ethical, it focuses on ________. a. the age of the participants b. the correlation of variables c. the potential risk and benefits d. the background of the team In mapping out the schedule for his research experiments, David adds ten minutes at the end of each session to meet with the participant. What will likely occur in this brief period? a. informed consent b. random selection c. time-of-measurement d. debriefing What is one of the most useful aspects of having theories in developmental science? a. segmentation b. organization c. experimentation d. rationalization Which of the following issues considers the concept of self-determination in human development? a. nature-nurture b. activity-passivity c. continuity-discontinuity d. universality-context specificity Based on Freud's theory of psychosexual development, Mason is experiencing what could be called a holding pattern in which there is no particular conflict to be resolved. How old is Mason? a. 18 months b. 3 years c. 8 years d. 14 years Which of the following describes Erikson's perspective on human development as it compares to Freud's theories? a. less cognitive, more social b. more self-directed, less biological c. more unconscious, less emotional d. less fluid, more environmental Alan can't understand why his teenage son insists on going to school every day with dark eyeliner and tall, spiked hair in crazy colors - especially when he's an honor student in math and science! How would Erikson describe the boy's behavior? a. isolation b. stagnation c. generativity d. role confusion Julie's friends all said she was crazy to do something like this on her own, especially at age 50. But since she adopted an orphan boy from Malawi, she has never felt happier or more fulfilled. Which of Erikson's stages has Julie resolved? a. identity versus role confusion b. generativity versus stagnation c. intimacy versus isolation d. integrity versus despair Which of the following limitations are shared by Freud's and Erikson's theories of human development? a. lack of description b. lack of evidence c. emphasis on emotion d. emphasis on family Compared to Freud's emphasis on the unconscious, Watson emphasized the influence of ________ in human development. a. reinforcement b. conflict c. family d. the environment A researcher focused on Watson's theory would examine whether a particular behavior is ________, whereas a researcher focused on Skinner's theory would focus on whether the behavior is ________. a. rewarded; established b. innate; conditioned c. established; rewarded d. conditioned; innate Valerie has set up a research study in which subjects are awarded tokens for gifts - or have tokens taken away - based on the behavior they exhibit in each application of a stimulus. Watson would say the subjects' behavior will be guided by ________, whereas Bandura would say their behavior is guided by ________. a. reinforcements; consequences b. tokens; perceptions c. consequences; tokens d. perceptions; reinforcements One criticism of theories from Bandura and Skinner is that they place too little focus on ________ and too much focus on ________. a. nature; nurture b. reward; punishment c. nurture; nature d. punishment; reward Four-year-old Hulin insists that people live inside the television and put on shows just for him. Which of Piaget's concepts is Hulin expressing with this belief? a. systems thinking b. concrete operations c. determinism d. constructivism Freud would say that a baby who puts everything in its mouth to make sense of the world is in the oral stage, whereas Piaget would say the child is in the ________ stage. a. preoperational b. concrete operations c. formal operation d. sensorimotor Compared to theorists who preceded him, which of the following concepts did Piaget contribute to scientific understanding of human development? a. proximity b. empowerment c. community d. punishment Vygotsky built upon Piaget's theories by adding a ________ perspective to the process of human development. a. temporal b. social c. cognitive d. systems Which of the following terms best reflects the perspective of systems theories on human development? a. hierarchical b. environmental c. symbiotic d. dualistic During the Great Recession of 2008, Javier's family lost their house, the town cut funds for the school department, and eventually his parents divorced. During this time, Javier went from having an A− academic average to a C+ average. Bronfenbrenner would classify the parents' divorce as primarily impacting the ________. a. microsystem b. macrosystem c. exosystem d. mesosystem Today we understand that our ethnic culture plays a significant role in who we are, how we act, and how we think. How would the PPCT model classify this factor in our development? a. process b. person c. context d. time One of the most significant problems with the systems perspective on human development is that it is too ________. a. complex b. stratified c. individualistic d. restrictive Consider human development as foot races that each person runs individually. Which of the following theorists would picture each person crossing the same finish line in the same location? a. Bronfenbrenner b. Erikson c. Skinner d. Bandura According to Darwin, genetic variations exist within a species to support which of the following? a. genotyping b. concordance c. adaptation d. phenotyping One hundred years from now, developmental scientists will refer to the advent of the Internet and smart phone technology as an example of ________. a. societal adaptation b. cultural evolution c. natural selection d. social epigenesis Through the process of ________, a female produces ________ viable reproductive cell(s) and a male produces ________ viable reproductive cells. a. meiosis; 1; 4 b. mitosis; 1; 4 c. meiosis; 4; 1 d. mitosis; 4; 1 Landon is a highly paid supermodel based on his height, athletic build, and striking good looks. He can attribute some of this success to his ________, which was biologically contributed by his parents. a. expression b. phenotype c. epigenesis d. genotype Why is one type of baldness in men considered to be X-linked? a. The X chromosome is responsible for most gene mutations. b. The condition results from a gene on the sex chromosomes. c. Males are distinguished by having two X chromosomes. d. Crossing over of X and Y chromosomes is common in men. Who is more likely to contribute a genetic mutation to their offspring? a. Tynesha, a 19-year-old woman b. David, a 26-year-old man c. Ling, a 35-year-old woman d. Rashid, a 48-year-old man Diane was born with Down syndrome. Which of the following likely caused her to have this condition? a. meiosis problems that affected her 21st chromosomes b. mitosis problems that affected her 23rd chromosomes c. mitosis problems that affected her sex chromosomes d. meiosis problems that affected her sex chromosomes The dominant gene for round red blood cells is S and the recessive gene for sickle-shaped red blood cells is s. Based on their genotypes, which set of parents has the most likely chance of producing a child with sickle-cell disease? a. SS mother and Ss father b. Ss mother and SS father c. Ss mother and Ss father d. SS mother and SS father Lionel tends to get very anxious in social situations. A heritability profile for this trait in Lionel would determine ________. a. how much genes play a role in his psychological response b. which parent's genes play a role in his psychological response c. if genes play a role in his psychological response d. why genes play a role in his psychological response Tyler is conducting a study of identical twins in their 20s who were adopted at birth by separate families. Any differences he identifies in their weight can likely be attributed to ________. a. genes b. mutations c. environment d. copy number variations Justin recently married his longtime partner Miguel, and asked his fraternal twin Paul to serve as best man at the ceremony. What is the likelihood that Paul is gay? a. about 10% b. about 25% c. about 35% d. about 50% Which of the following statements is a molecular geneticist likely to write when summarizing a research project? a. Regardless of environment, genes determine one's vocal ability. b. The ability to sing well can be inherited from ones parents. c. Gene X is the sole determinant an individual's vocal ability. d. Genes X, W and H combine to determine an individual's vocal ability. The Gomez family recently brought their fraternal twins Beatriz and Paloma from the hospital. They soon realized that Beatriz is a cheerful baby who loves attention. What is the likelihood that Paloma has a similar happy disposition? a. guaranteed b. most likely c. more likely than not d. possibly In many cases, genetics is not destiny. Of the following traits, people have the highest level of personal control over their ________.