BIOD 152 EXAM 6
1. The is a fat pad located in front of the pubic symphysis and iscovered with hair
after puberty.
Answer: Mons pubis
2. The is an outer fold of skin that is located posterior to the monspubis.
Answer: labia majora
3. The urethral orifice is located the vaginal orifice.
Answer: anterior to
4. Describe the structure of the mammary glands
Answer: contains one to two dozen lobules, each with its own mammary duct. The duct begins
at the nipple and dividesinto numerous other ducts ending in blind sacs called alveoli. In a
non-lactating breast, the ducts far outnumber the alveoli since alveoli are made up of cells that
can produce milk.
5. Is milk produced during pregnancy?
Answer: Milk is not produced during pregnancybecause prolactin is needed for lactation
(milk production) to begin. Prolactin is suppressed by estrogen and progesterone.
6. What is colostrum?
Answer: A yellowish-white fluid which has a similar composition tomilk but contains a higher
concentration of protein
7. What is oogenesis?
Answer: production of eggs in the ovaries which occurs duringdevelopment of the fetus in the
womb and is complete by the time of birth.
8. Describe the steps of oogenesis from primary oogonia to a mature ovum.-
Answer: Oogonia (Female stem cells), undergo mitotic division into two daughter cells
known as primary oocytes. These primary oocytes are covered by follicles, known as primary
follicles. This process is completed by birth. The anterior pituitary glandstarts to secrete
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) when a female reaches puberty.FSH causes a few follicles
to mature each month. The primary oocyte in the follicleundergoes its first meiotic division
into two daughter cells: the secondary oocyte andthe first polar body. If the secondary oocyte is
united with a sperm after ovulation thesecond meiotic division occurs which produces a second
polar body and an ovum with 23 chromosomes.
9. What is the function of estrogen and progesterone?
Answer: Estrogen is important inthe production of eggs and the menstrual cycle. It is also
responsible for secondary sex characteristics. Progesterone is necessary for the maintenance of
pregnancybut does not promote secondary sexual characteristics.
, 10. What are the three phases of the menstrual cycle?
Answer: menstrual phase, proliferative phase, secretory phase
11. What is contained in the menstrual flow?
Answer: Detached tissue of the endometrium and blood
12. Describe the proliferative phase
Answer: occurs during days 6-14 as the endometriumrebuilds in response to increasing
estrogen levels. Ovulation of an egg typically occurs in the ovaries on day 14. Ovulation is
triggered when the anterior pituitary (in the brain) releases luteinizing hormone (LH) as a
response to high levels of estrogen.
13. Describe the secretory phase
Answer: During this phase the corpus luteum begins tosecrete progesterone. Progesterone
causes an increased blood supply in the uterusand secretion of nutrients, preparing the uterus
for implantation. If fertilization has not occurred, the corpus luteum dies and the endometrium
blood supply decreasesbecause of decreased progesterone which begins the menstrual phase
again.
14. Menarche
Answer: beginning of reproductive lifetime at first menstruation
15. Menopause
Answer: end of reproductive lifetime
16. Oocytes
Answer: immature eggs
17. Mitosis vs. Meiosis
Answer: Mitosis: one division forming 2 identical cells (clones) with46 chromosomes;
Meiosis: two divisions forming 4 genetically different cells with 23chromosomes
18. Zygote
Answer: fertilized egg
19. True or false: females produce about 2-3 polar bodies to one viable gamete(ovum) with 23
chromosomes
Answer: True
20. Female reproductive hormones
Answer: FSH, LH, estrogen, progesterone
21. menstrual phase
Answer: days 1-5, all but innermost layer of uterus is shed
1. The is a fat pad located in front of the pubic symphysis and iscovered with hair
after puberty.
Answer: Mons pubis
2. The is an outer fold of skin that is located posterior to the monspubis.
Answer: labia majora
3. The urethral orifice is located the vaginal orifice.
Answer: anterior to
4. Describe the structure of the mammary glands
Answer: contains one to two dozen lobules, each with its own mammary duct. The duct begins
at the nipple and dividesinto numerous other ducts ending in blind sacs called alveoli. In a
non-lactating breast, the ducts far outnumber the alveoli since alveoli are made up of cells that
can produce milk.
5. Is milk produced during pregnancy?
Answer: Milk is not produced during pregnancybecause prolactin is needed for lactation
(milk production) to begin. Prolactin is suppressed by estrogen and progesterone.
6. What is colostrum?
Answer: A yellowish-white fluid which has a similar composition tomilk but contains a higher
concentration of protein
7. What is oogenesis?
Answer: production of eggs in the ovaries which occurs duringdevelopment of the fetus in the
womb and is complete by the time of birth.
8. Describe the steps of oogenesis from primary oogonia to a mature ovum.-
Answer: Oogonia (Female stem cells), undergo mitotic division into two daughter cells
known as primary oocytes. These primary oocytes are covered by follicles, known as primary
follicles. This process is completed by birth. The anterior pituitary glandstarts to secrete
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) when a female reaches puberty.FSH causes a few follicles
to mature each month. The primary oocyte in the follicleundergoes its first meiotic division
into two daughter cells: the secondary oocyte andthe first polar body. If the secondary oocyte is
united with a sperm after ovulation thesecond meiotic division occurs which produces a second
polar body and an ovum with 23 chromosomes.
9. What is the function of estrogen and progesterone?
Answer: Estrogen is important inthe production of eggs and the menstrual cycle. It is also
responsible for secondary sex characteristics. Progesterone is necessary for the maintenance of
pregnancybut does not promote secondary sexual characteristics.
, 10. What are the three phases of the menstrual cycle?
Answer: menstrual phase, proliferative phase, secretory phase
11. What is contained in the menstrual flow?
Answer: Detached tissue of the endometrium and blood
12. Describe the proliferative phase
Answer: occurs during days 6-14 as the endometriumrebuilds in response to increasing
estrogen levels. Ovulation of an egg typically occurs in the ovaries on day 14. Ovulation is
triggered when the anterior pituitary (in the brain) releases luteinizing hormone (LH) as a
response to high levels of estrogen.
13. Describe the secretory phase
Answer: During this phase the corpus luteum begins tosecrete progesterone. Progesterone
causes an increased blood supply in the uterusand secretion of nutrients, preparing the uterus
for implantation. If fertilization has not occurred, the corpus luteum dies and the endometrium
blood supply decreasesbecause of decreased progesterone which begins the menstrual phase
again.
14. Menarche
Answer: beginning of reproductive lifetime at first menstruation
15. Menopause
Answer: end of reproductive lifetime
16. Oocytes
Answer: immature eggs
17. Mitosis vs. Meiosis
Answer: Mitosis: one division forming 2 identical cells (clones) with46 chromosomes;
Meiosis: two divisions forming 4 genetically different cells with 23chromosomes
18. Zygote
Answer: fertilized egg
19. True or false: females produce about 2-3 polar bodies to one viable gamete(ovum) with 23
chromosomes
Answer: True
20. Female reproductive hormones
Answer: FSH, LH, estrogen, progesterone
21. menstrual phase
Answer: days 1-5, all but innermost layer of uterus is shed
