Chapter 1
Body Orientation To The Human Body
Chapter 1: How is the body organized, orientation, language, position, cavities,
and positioning
Overview of Anatomy and Physiology
•Anatomy: The study of structure
•Subdivisions:
–Gross or macroscopic (e.g., regional, surface, and systemic anatomy)
–Microscopic (e.g., cytology and histology)
–Developmental (e.g., embryology)
•Essential tools for the study of anatomy:
–Mastery of anatomical terminology
–Observation
–Manipulation
–Palpation
–Auscultation
•Physiology: The study of function at many levels
–Subdivisions are based on organ systems (e.g., renal or cardiovascular physiology)
•Essential tools for the study of physiology:
–Ability to focus at many levels (from systemic to cellular and molecular)
–Basic physical principles (e.g., electrical currents, pressure, and movement)
–Basic chemical principles
Principle of Complementarity
•Anatomy and physiology are inseparable.
–Function always reflects structure
–What a structure can do depends on its specific form
,Levels of Structural Organization
•Chemical: atoms and molecules
•Cellular: cells and their organelles
•Tissue: groups of similar cells
•Organ: contains two or more types of tissues
•Organ system: organs that work closely together
•Organismal: all organ systems
Organ Systems Interrelationships
•All cells depend on organ systems to meet their survival needs
•Organ systems work cooperatively to perform necessary life functions
Integumentary System
•Forms the external body covering
•Composed of the skin, sweat glands, oil glands, hair, and nails
•Protects deep tissues from injury and synthesizes vitamin D
Skeletal System
•Composed of bone, cartilage, and ligaments
•Protects and supports body organs
•Provides the framework for muscles
•Site of blood cell formation
•Stores minerals
Muscular System
, •Composed of muscles and tendons
•Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression
•Maintains posture
•Produces heat
Nervous System
•Composed of the brain, spinal column, and nerves
•Is the fast acting control system of the body
•Responds to stimuli by activating muscles and glands
Cardiovascular System
•Composed of the heart and blood vessels
•The heart pumps blood
•The blood vessels transport blood throughout the body
Lymphatic System
•Composed of red bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessels
•Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood
•Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream
•Houses white blood cells involved with immunity
Respiratory System
•Composed of the nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
•Keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
Body Orientation To The Human Body
Chapter 1: How is the body organized, orientation, language, position, cavities,
and positioning
Overview of Anatomy and Physiology
•Anatomy: The study of structure
•Subdivisions:
–Gross or macroscopic (e.g., regional, surface, and systemic anatomy)
–Microscopic (e.g., cytology and histology)
–Developmental (e.g., embryology)
•Essential tools for the study of anatomy:
–Mastery of anatomical terminology
–Observation
–Manipulation
–Palpation
–Auscultation
•Physiology: The study of function at many levels
–Subdivisions are based on organ systems (e.g., renal or cardiovascular physiology)
•Essential tools for the study of physiology:
–Ability to focus at many levels (from systemic to cellular and molecular)
–Basic physical principles (e.g., electrical currents, pressure, and movement)
–Basic chemical principles
Principle of Complementarity
•Anatomy and physiology are inseparable.
–Function always reflects structure
–What a structure can do depends on its specific form
,Levels of Structural Organization
•Chemical: atoms and molecules
•Cellular: cells and their organelles
•Tissue: groups of similar cells
•Organ: contains two or more types of tissues
•Organ system: organs that work closely together
•Organismal: all organ systems
Organ Systems Interrelationships
•All cells depend on organ systems to meet their survival needs
•Organ systems work cooperatively to perform necessary life functions
Integumentary System
•Forms the external body covering
•Composed of the skin, sweat glands, oil glands, hair, and nails
•Protects deep tissues from injury and synthesizes vitamin D
Skeletal System
•Composed of bone, cartilage, and ligaments
•Protects and supports body organs
•Provides the framework for muscles
•Site of blood cell formation
•Stores minerals
Muscular System
, •Composed of muscles and tendons
•Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression
•Maintains posture
•Produces heat
Nervous System
•Composed of the brain, spinal column, and nerves
•Is the fast acting control system of the body
•Responds to stimuli by activating muscles and glands
Cardiovascular System
•Composed of the heart and blood vessels
•The heart pumps blood
•The blood vessels transport blood throughout the body
Lymphatic System
•Composed of red bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessels
•Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood
•Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream
•Houses white blood cells involved with immunity
Respiratory System
•Composed of the nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
•Keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
