D514 Analytical Methods Study Material with
Complete Solutions
ANOVA test
TWO OR MORE groups to compare, see which one is better. Whereas the t-test compares
just two means, this test can be used to compare multiple groups
Chi-square tests:
helps us figure out if there's a real relationship between two categories or if any observed
differences are likely random
F-test
Used to compare two variances
Mann-Whitney U test
a nonparametric version of a t-test, does not meet assumptions, between two independent
groups
p-value
level of probability. In research, the lower the p-value, the less probability that the results
of your research occurred 'by chance'. You want low probability
z test
statistical test used to determine whether two population means are different when the
variances are known and the sample size is large
Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test
used when you have paired data (like before-and-after measurements) and want to see if
there's a significant difference between them. It's like checking if there's been a noticeable
change over time.
, Multivariate regression analyses
allows you to predict or explain the value of one variable based on the values of several
others; can be used to adjust risk
Nominal data
Data which consists of names, labels, or categories.
ordinal data
a type of data that refers solely to a ranking of some kind
parametric tests
t tests, ANOVA; used when your data is tidy and follows specific rules, allowing for more
precise and powerful statistical analysis.
nonparametric tests
Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis; more flexible and can be used when your data doesn't
meet those strict conditions, but they may not be as powerful in detecting a true effect
t-test
helps you figure out if the difference you see between the averages of two groups is real or
just due to chance; small size population
ordinal variable
Order of variable matters but difference between values does not. Example: 1st born child
is 4 years older than the 2nd born child. The 2nd born child is 5 years older than the 3rd
born child. The order matters but value between does not.
Continuous Variable
Complete Solutions
ANOVA test
TWO OR MORE groups to compare, see which one is better. Whereas the t-test compares
just two means, this test can be used to compare multiple groups
Chi-square tests:
helps us figure out if there's a real relationship between two categories or if any observed
differences are likely random
F-test
Used to compare two variances
Mann-Whitney U test
a nonparametric version of a t-test, does not meet assumptions, between two independent
groups
p-value
level of probability. In research, the lower the p-value, the less probability that the results
of your research occurred 'by chance'. You want low probability
z test
statistical test used to determine whether two population means are different when the
variances are known and the sample size is large
Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test
used when you have paired data (like before-and-after measurements) and want to see if
there's a significant difference between them. It's like checking if there's been a noticeable
change over time.
, Multivariate regression analyses
allows you to predict or explain the value of one variable based on the values of several
others; can be used to adjust risk
Nominal data
Data which consists of names, labels, or categories.
ordinal data
a type of data that refers solely to a ranking of some kind
parametric tests
t tests, ANOVA; used when your data is tidy and follows specific rules, allowing for more
precise and powerful statistical analysis.
nonparametric tests
Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis; more flexible and can be used when your data doesn't
meet those strict conditions, but they may not be as powerful in detecting a true effect
t-test
helps you figure out if the difference you see between the averages of two groups is real or
just due to chance; small size population
ordinal variable
Order of variable matters but difference between values does not. Example: 1st born child
is 4 years older than the 2nd born child. The 2nd born child is 5 years older than the 3rd
born child. The order matters but value between does not.
Continuous Variable
