Biology Major Field Test Study Set
Questions And All Correct Answers.
4 Biomolecules and Monomers - Answer Protein (amino acids) Carbohydrates (simple sugars) Lipids
(glycerol and fatty acids) Nuclei acids (nucleotides)"
dipeptides - Answer two amino acids bonded together
what is the general fatty acid formula - Answer CH3(CH2)nCOOH where n= an even number between
12 and 24
explain identifying saturated vs. unsaturated fats - Answer saturated: only single bonds in hydrocarbon
chain... unsaturated: one or more double bonds
glycerides - Answer glycerol and 3 fatty acids
Levels of Protein Structure - Answer 1. order of amino acids 2. alpha-helices or beta-pleated sheets 3.
bonding b/w a.a. side chains 4. multi-subunit structure
nucleotide is composed of - Answer phosphate group; sugar group; nitrogenous base
Vmax - Answer maximum reaction rate at which point substrate is saturated with enzyme
Feedback Inhibition - Answer end-product of enzyme catalyzed rxn. blocks original enz.
Competitive Inhibition - Answer molecules compete with substrate for enzyme's active sites
irreversible inhibitors - Answer chemically and covalently bind to active site; rendering it permanently
inactive
,psuedoirreversible inhibitors - Answer extremely high affinities for active site; hard to displace
noncompetitive inhibitors - Answer do not compete for active site but act elsewhere on enz.; altering
3D shape
photosynthesis - Answer anabolic process that converts sunlight into energy stored in the phosphate
bonds of ATP, then more permanently stored in bonds of organic carbon compounds
electron transport chain - Answer series of carrier molecules on the inner mitochondrial membrane
which pass electrons through enzymes that pump protons to one side of the membrane, creating a
proton gradient
chemiosmosis - Answer the use of a gradient, such as a proton gradient, to generate energy. The ATP
synthase enzyme uses the kinetic movement of protons down the gradient to store energy by converting
ADP to ATP
ATP - Answer Adenosine tri phosphate, a modified nucleotide that stores energy in it's phosphate
bonds.
fermentation - Answer glycolysis and the additional steps leading to the formation of ethanol or lactic
acid, to make ATP. It does not include the Kreb's cycle (producing CO2) or the ETC.
occluding/tight junctions - Answer nothing can diffuse between cells or past junction
anchoring junctions - Answer physical joining so cells do not shear away
communicating junctions - Answer gap junctions are formed by proteins called connexins that allow for
undisrupted and very fast signal transmission
plasmodesmata - Answer plant cells' equivalent of gap junctions
G-actin - Answer globular monomer
, F-actin - Answer long filament
microtubules - Answer cellular conveyor belts
microtubule assoc. proteins - Answer attach to tubulin on one end and cargo on the other dyneins: pull
to center kinesins: outside"
9+2 structure - Answer 9 prs microtubules surrounding 2 central microtubules for stability (structure of
cilia&flagella)
basal bodies - Answer microtubule triplets; anchor cilia/flagella; foundation for new microtubules
centrioles - Answer anchor microtubules growing into mitotic spindle
intermediate filaments - Answer thin fibers wound together in tight coils; membrane stability
proto-oncogenes - Answer normal genes involved in control of cell growth/division
oncogenes - Answer mutations occur and no longer maintain control over a particular aspect of growth
density-dependent inhibition - Answer normal cells able to suppress growth when near other cells
alleles - Answer different forms of a gene
homozygous/heterozygous - Answer homo: 2 copies of same allele; hetero: one dom.; one rec.
dominance - Answer only one dom. needed for phenotype to be present
Questions And All Correct Answers.
4 Biomolecules and Monomers - Answer Protein (amino acids) Carbohydrates (simple sugars) Lipids
(glycerol and fatty acids) Nuclei acids (nucleotides)"
dipeptides - Answer two amino acids bonded together
what is the general fatty acid formula - Answer CH3(CH2)nCOOH where n= an even number between
12 and 24
explain identifying saturated vs. unsaturated fats - Answer saturated: only single bonds in hydrocarbon
chain... unsaturated: one or more double bonds
glycerides - Answer glycerol and 3 fatty acids
Levels of Protein Structure - Answer 1. order of amino acids 2. alpha-helices or beta-pleated sheets 3.
bonding b/w a.a. side chains 4. multi-subunit structure
nucleotide is composed of - Answer phosphate group; sugar group; nitrogenous base
Vmax - Answer maximum reaction rate at which point substrate is saturated with enzyme
Feedback Inhibition - Answer end-product of enzyme catalyzed rxn. blocks original enz.
Competitive Inhibition - Answer molecules compete with substrate for enzyme's active sites
irreversible inhibitors - Answer chemically and covalently bind to active site; rendering it permanently
inactive
,psuedoirreversible inhibitors - Answer extremely high affinities for active site; hard to displace
noncompetitive inhibitors - Answer do not compete for active site but act elsewhere on enz.; altering
3D shape
photosynthesis - Answer anabolic process that converts sunlight into energy stored in the phosphate
bonds of ATP, then more permanently stored in bonds of organic carbon compounds
electron transport chain - Answer series of carrier molecules on the inner mitochondrial membrane
which pass electrons through enzymes that pump protons to one side of the membrane, creating a
proton gradient
chemiosmosis - Answer the use of a gradient, such as a proton gradient, to generate energy. The ATP
synthase enzyme uses the kinetic movement of protons down the gradient to store energy by converting
ADP to ATP
ATP - Answer Adenosine tri phosphate, a modified nucleotide that stores energy in it's phosphate
bonds.
fermentation - Answer glycolysis and the additional steps leading to the formation of ethanol or lactic
acid, to make ATP. It does not include the Kreb's cycle (producing CO2) or the ETC.
occluding/tight junctions - Answer nothing can diffuse between cells or past junction
anchoring junctions - Answer physical joining so cells do not shear away
communicating junctions - Answer gap junctions are formed by proteins called connexins that allow for
undisrupted and very fast signal transmission
plasmodesmata - Answer plant cells' equivalent of gap junctions
G-actin - Answer globular monomer
, F-actin - Answer long filament
microtubules - Answer cellular conveyor belts
microtubule assoc. proteins - Answer attach to tubulin on one end and cargo on the other dyneins: pull
to center kinesins: outside"
9+2 structure - Answer 9 prs microtubules surrounding 2 central microtubules for stability (structure of
cilia&flagella)
basal bodies - Answer microtubule triplets; anchor cilia/flagella; foundation for new microtubules
centrioles - Answer anchor microtubules growing into mitotic spindle
intermediate filaments - Answer thin fibers wound together in tight coils; membrane stability
proto-oncogenes - Answer normal genes involved in control of cell growth/division
oncogenes - Answer mutations occur and no longer maintain control over a particular aspect of growth
density-dependent inhibition - Answer normal cells able to suppress growth when near other cells
alleles - Answer different forms of a gene
homozygous/heterozygous - Answer homo: 2 copies of same allele; hetero: one dom.; one rec.
dominance - Answer only one dom. needed for phenotype to be present
