HNF 471 Exam 3 || A Verified A+ Pass.
what hormone increases intake? correct answers ghrelin
what signals are secreted based on fat stores? correct answers insulin and leptin
- more fat, more secretion
anorexigenic hormones send what signal to the brain correct answers to stop eating
orexigenic hormones promote what? correct answers eating
what are the three main ways to expend energy? correct answers - basal metabolic rate (impacted
by thyroid)
- thermic effect of food (how much energy it takes to digest food) (influenced by macronutrient
content/food matrix)
- physical activity (muscle mass, duration, and intensity)
what is the MNT for weight loss? correct answers - lose 3-5% excess body weight, which then
reduces TG, BG, and reduce risk of developing T2DM
- if you achieve a weight loss of 5-10%: decreased LDL (bad) cholesterol, blood pressure, and
the amount of medication that is required to treat T2DM
how do you define weight maintenance? correct answers keeping weight off for at least 1 year
what are three ways to promote weight loss? correct answers - women: 1200-1500 kcal/d and
men: 1500-1800 kcal/d
- energy deficit of 500-750 kcal/d
- an evidenced-based diet that restricts certain food types (CHO, low-fiber, or low-fat) to create a
negative energy balance
what does the portal vein do? correct answers carries nutrient-rich blood from the digestive tract
to the liver
what are the two functions of bile secretion? correct answers - emulsifying agent - absorption
(formation of micelles)
enterohepatic circulation of bile
How much of liver cholesterol metabolism does bile salt synthesis account for? correct answers
50%
what are bile salts created from? correct answers cholesterol
, what are the purposes of the gallbladder? correct answers stores, concentrates, and secretes bile
- removal of water and electrolytes (increase concentration)
- storage
- control of delivery of bile salts to duodenum
what is the purpose of bile? correct answers - helps with the absorption of fatty acids,
cholesterol, other lipids
- forms micelles that are soluble in chime
- without bile, you can form steatorrhea
what is cholestasis? correct answers retention of bile in the gall bladder and/or liver
causes:
- primarily biliary cirrhosis, sclerosing cholangitis, gall stone(s) (cholelithiasis), injury to ducts
due to pruritis; not enough bile to absorb fat=> steatorrhea and fat-soluble vitamin deficiency;
blockage of ducts form stones => liver damage and/or pancreatitis
what is the treatment for acute cases of cholestasis? correct answers NPO, then progressed to a
low-fat diet
fat intake: 25-35% of daily calorie intake
what is the treatment for chronic/long-term cholestasis? correct answers calcium and vitamin D
supplement, consider MCT and vitamin supplementation (especially water-soluble versions of A,
D, E, K)
- bile acid binders or sequestrants (can cause bloating and constipation)
What do MCTs help with? What do they not contain? correct answers - fat malabsorption
- do not contain essential fatty acids
- they do not need bile or pancreatic enzymes for absorption
what is asterixis? correct answers A tremor that is associated with ammonia buildup
what is portal hypertension? correct answers HTN in portal venous system; results in poor
circulation of blood through the liver; often managed via trans jugular intrahepatic portosystemic
shunts: TIPS
what is hepatomegaly? correct answers enlarged liver
what is jaundice? correct answers yellowing of eyes and skin due to hyperbilirubinemia
what are ascites? correct answers retention of fluid, Lytes, serum proteins in abdomen
what is paracentesis? correct answers draining of ascites
what hormone increases intake? correct answers ghrelin
what signals are secreted based on fat stores? correct answers insulin and leptin
- more fat, more secretion
anorexigenic hormones send what signal to the brain correct answers to stop eating
orexigenic hormones promote what? correct answers eating
what are the three main ways to expend energy? correct answers - basal metabolic rate (impacted
by thyroid)
- thermic effect of food (how much energy it takes to digest food) (influenced by macronutrient
content/food matrix)
- physical activity (muscle mass, duration, and intensity)
what is the MNT for weight loss? correct answers - lose 3-5% excess body weight, which then
reduces TG, BG, and reduce risk of developing T2DM
- if you achieve a weight loss of 5-10%: decreased LDL (bad) cholesterol, blood pressure, and
the amount of medication that is required to treat T2DM
how do you define weight maintenance? correct answers keeping weight off for at least 1 year
what are three ways to promote weight loss? correct answers - women: 1200-1500 kcal/d and
men: 1500-1800 kcal/d
- energy deficit of 500-750 kcal/d
- an evidenced-based diet that restricts certain food types (CHO, low-fiber, or low-fat) to create a
negative energy balance
what does the portal vein do? correct answers carries nutrient-rich blood from the digestive tract
to the liver
what are the two functions of bile secretion? correct answers - emulsifying agent - absorption
(formation of micelles)
enterohepatic circulation of bile
How much of liver cholesterol metabolism does bile salt synthesis account for? correct answers
50%
what are bile salts created from? correct answers cholesterol
, what are the purposes of the gallbladder? correct answers stores, concentrates, and secretes bile
- removal of water and electrolytes (increase concentration)
- storage
- control of delivery of bile salts to duodenum
what is the purpose of bile? correct answers - helps with the absorption of fatty acids,
cholesterol, other lipids
- forms micelles that are soluble in chime
- without bile, you can form steatorrhea
what is cholestasis? correct answers retention of bile in the gall bladder and/or liver
causes:
- primarily biliary cirrhosis, sclerosing cholangitis, gall stone(s) (cholelithiasis), injury to ducts
due to pruritis; not enough bile to absorb fat=> steatorrhea and fat-soluble vitamin deficiency;
blockage of ducts form stones => liver damage and/or pancreatitis
what is the treatment for acute cases of cholestasis? correct answers NPO, then progressed to a
low-fat diet
fat intake: 25-35% of daily calorie intake
what is the treatment for chronic/long-term cholestasis? correct answers calcium and vitamin D
supplement, consider MCT and vitamin supplementation (especially water-soluble versions of A,
D, E, K)
- bile acid binders or sequestrants (can cause bloating and constipation)
What do MCTs help with? What do they not contain? correct answers - fat malabsorption
- do not contain essential fatty acids
- they do not need bile or pancreatic enzymes for absorption
what is asterixis? correct answers A tremor that is associated with ammonia buildup
what is portal hypertension? correct answers HTN in portal venous system; results in poor
circulation of blood through the liver; often managed via trans jugular intrahepatic portosystemic
shunts: TIPS
what is hepatomegaly? correct answers enlarged liver
what is jaundice? correct answers yellowing of eyes and skin due to hyperbilirubinemia
what are ascites? correct answers retention of fluid, Lytes, serum proteins in abdomen
what is paracentesis? correct answers draining of ascites
