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Samenvatting - longen 1

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Samenvatting van het vak 'longen 1' gegeven door prof. Oostveen. Gemaakt aan de hand van de slides en eigen notities.

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Longen 1
Inhoudsopgave

Structuur en functie van de longen ................................................................................................................ 14

Ademhalingssysteem ........................................................................................................................................ 14

Veel gebruikte afkortingen ............................................................................................................................... 14

Normale (ideale) long ‼ .................................................................................................................................... 15

Partiële druk ‼ .................................................................................................................................................. 15

Samenstelling van “lucht” (zeeniveau) ‼ .......................................................................................................... 15

Ademhalingsproces ........................................................................................................................................... 16

Trachea en bovenste luchtwegen ..................................................................................................................... 16

De longkwabben ............................................................................................................................................... 17

Anatomie volgens Weibel ................................................................................................................................. 17
Doorgankelijkheid per luchtweggeneratie ............................................................................................... 18

Verdeling weerstand over luchtwegen ............................................................................................................. 18

Anatomie: doorsnede door een long ................................................................................................................ 18

Anatomie: alveolo-capillaire membraan .......................................................................................................... 19

Anatomie: alveoli ‼ ........................................................................................................................................... 19

Structuur – functie ............................................................................................................................................ 19

Verdedigingsmechanismen ............................................................................................................................... 20

Ventilatie 1..................................................................................................................................................... 21

Ideale long ........................................................................................................................................................ 21

Ventilatie........................................................................................................................................................... 21

Meting longvolume verandering ...................................................................................................................... 22

Onderverdeling longvolumes ‼ ......................................................................................................................... 22

Elastische eigenschappen van long en borstkas ............................................................................................... 22

Elasticiteit van het respiratoir systeem ............................................................................................................. 23

Ademhalingsspieren ......................................................................................................................................... 23
Adembeweging ........................................................................................................................................ 23

Totale ventilatie (V’E) vs. alveolaire ventilatie (V’A) .......................................................................................... 24

Relatie tussen ventilatie en PCO2 ‼ .................................................................................................................... 24

Ventilatie-verdeling over de normale long ....................................................................................................... 24

Perfusieverdeling over de normale long ........................................................................................................... 24



1

, Ventilatie/perfusie (V’/Q’) verdeling‼ .............................................................................................................. 25

Ventilatie 2..................................................................................................................................................... 26

Statische longvolumes ...................................................................................................................................... 26

Helium-verdunning ........................................................................................................................................... 26

ATP-BTPS condities ........................................................................................................................................... 27

Bodyplethysmograaf ......................................................................................................................................... 27
Het meetprincipe ..................................................................................................................................... 27
Wet van Boyle: PxV = constant ................................................................................................................ 28
FRCpleth bepaling .................................................................................................................................... 28

Rookstop ........................................................................................................................................................ 29

De grootteorde van tabakroken ....................................................................................................................... 29
Tabaksgebruik – naar een gezond België ................................................................................................. 29

Toxicologie van roken ....................................................................................................................................... 29
7000 chemicaliën in een sigaret .............................................................................................................. 30
Bradford-Hill criteria voor causaliteit van een associatie tussen een blootstelling en een ziekte ........... 30
Pathofysiologie van roken in het ademhalingsstelsel .............................................................................. 31

De menselijke tol van tabak roken .................................................................................................................... 31
De economische kosten van roken .......................................................................................................... 31
3 grote boodschappen voor de individuele roker .................................................................................... 31

Organisatie van primaire (voorkomen) en secundaire (doen stoppen) rookpreventie ..................................... 32
Hoe de epidemie stoppen? WHO Mpower initiatief ............................................................................... 32
Tabakswetten ........................................................................................................................................... 32
Anti-rookplan Vandenbroucke (2023) ..................................................................................................... 32
Kosteneffectiviteit van rookstop .............................................................................................................. 33

Conclusies ......................................................................................................................................................... 33

Gedragstherapie bij rookstop ......................................................................................................................... 34

Inleiding ............................................................................................................................................................ 34

Rookstopbegeleiding ........................................................................................................................................ 34
Verslaving ................................................................................................................................................. 34
Afkickverschijnselen ............................................................................................................................ 35
Gewoonte ............................................................................................................................................ 35
Psychologisch....................................................................................................................................... 35
Hoe stoppen met roken? ......................................................................................................................... 36
Gedragsmatige aanpak ............................................................................................................................ 37

Wat werkt er? ................................................................................................................................................... 39

Minimale interventie......................................................................................................................................... 40
ASK ........................................................................................................................................................... 41
ADVISE...................................................................................................................................................... 41
ASSESS ...................................................................................................................................................... 41
ASSIST ....................................................................................................................................................... 41


2

, ARRANGE ................................................................................................................................................. 42
ASK ........................................................................................................................................................... 42
ADVISE...................................................................................................................................................... 42
REFER ....................................................................................................................................................... 42

Casus ................................................................................................................................................................. 43

Spirometrie .................................................................................................................................................... 44

Longfunctietests................................................................................................................................................ 44

Indicaties voor longfunctie-onderzoek .............................................................................................................. 44

Spirometrie ....................................................................................................................................................... 44

Spirogram: volume-tijd curve............................................................................................................................ 44

Spirometrie: kerngetallen ................................................................................................................................. 45

Spirometrie ....................................................................................................................................................... 45
MEFV ........................................................................................................................................................ 45
MEFV-MIFV .............................................................................................................................................. 46
Andere getallen ........................................................................................................................................ 46
FV ............................................................................................................................................................. 46

FV-curve vs. absoluut longvolume .................................................................................................................... 47

Gestoorde longfunctie: oorzaken ...................................................................................................................... 47

Uitvoering spirometrie: inleiding ...................................................................................................................... 47

Spirometrie: standaardisatie ‼ ......................................................................................................................... 48

Goede FVC test .................................................................................................................................................. 48

FVC-manoeuvre: accepteerbaarheid ................................................................................................................ 48

Kenmerk “goede” spirometrie .......................................................................................................................... 48

(F)VC-manoeuvre: on-accepteerbaarheid ......................................................................................................... 48

Interpretatie spirometrie .................................................................................................................................. 49

Interpretatie kerngetallen: referentiewaarden ................................................................................................. 49

Global Lung Function Initiative (GLI) ................................................................................................................. 50

Wanneer is longfunctie afwijkend? .................................................................................................................. 50

Interpretatie spirometrie .................................................................................................................................. 50

Obstructieve aandoeningen .............................................................................................................................. 51
Reversibiliteit: beoordeling ...................................................................................................................... 51

Pathologie van de long ................................................................................................................................... 52

Niet-neoplastische longziekte ........................................................................................................................... 52
Oorzaak vs. patroon van de ziekte ........................................................................................................... 52
Type van pathologische samples ............................................................................................................. 52
Introductie: histologie .............................................................................................................................. 52




3

, Patronen van inflammatie ................................................................................................................................ 53
Definitie en signalen ................................................................................................................................ 53
Acute inflammatie .................................................................................................................................... 53
Formatie van granulatie weefsel.............................................................................................................. 54
Chronische inflammatie ........................................................................................................................... 54
Granulomateuze inflammatie .................................................................................................................. 55

Respiratoire infecties ........................................................................................................................................ 55
Pneumonie ............................................................................................................................................... 55
Lobaire pneumonie.............................................................................................................................. 56
Granulomateuze inflammatie: pulmonaire tuberculose ......................................................................... 56
Fungale infecties: aspergillose ................................................................................................................. 56

Obstructieve luchtwegziekte ............................................................................................................................. 57
Gelokaliseerde obstructieve luchtwegziekte ........................................................................................... 57
Diffuse obstructieve luchtwegziekte ........................................................................................................ 57
Ziektes van de bronchiolus ...................................................................................................................... 57
De bronchus ............................................................................................................................................. 57
Chronische bronchitis .......................................................................................................................... 58
Bronchiëctasie ..................................................................................................................................... 58
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) ...................................................................................... 58
Emfyseem ............................................................................................................................................ 59
Astma ....................................................................................................................................................... 59
Histopathologische vindingen ............................................................................................................. 59

Interstitiële longziekte (ILD) .............................................................................................................................. 60
Histopathologische patronen vs. ziekte entiteiten .................................................................................. 60
Histologische reactiepatronen van de long ............................................................................................. 60
Acute long schade: diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) ................................................................................. 60
Oorzaken.............................................................................................................................................. 60
Pathofysiologie en fases ...................................................................................................................... 61
Chronische diffuse interstitiële longziekte: patronen van fibrose ........................................................... 61
Organising pneumonie: alveolaire filling ................................................................................................. 62
Pneumoconiosis ....................................................................................................................................... 62
Asbestosis ............................................................................................................................................ 62
Gecombineerde patronen van longziekte: hypersensitiviteits pneumonitis ........................................... 62
Granulomateuze inflammatie .................................................................................................................. 63
Aspiratie pneumonie ........................................................................................................................... 63
Sarcoidose ........................................................................................................................................... 63

Diffusie ........................................................................................................................................................... 64

Gastransport oiv diffusie ................................................................................................................................... 64

Gaswisseling dmv diffusie ................................................................................................................................. 64

Single breath diffusie-meting (DL,CO-SB) ............................................................................................................ 65

RGA: rapid gas analyser .................................................................................................................................... 66

Definitie diffusiecapaciteit ................................................................................................................................ 66

Single breath diffusie-meting (DL,CO-SB) ............................................................................................................ 66



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