NRES 348 Midterm UPDATED ACTUAL
Exam Questions and CORRECT Answers
Wildlife - CORRECT ANSWER - The practical ecology of vertebrates and their plant and
animal associations; free-roaming vertebrate animals; terrestrial or partially terrestrial vertebrates
Management - CORRECT ANSWER - The manipulation of populations or habitats to
achieve specific goals; 1. pop size greater, 2. population size smaller, 3. harvest population for
continuing yield, 4. leave it alone/protect it, but monitor status
Manipulative Management - CORRECT ANSWER - Acts on a population, either changing
its numbers by direct means or influencing numbers by the indirect means of altering food
supply, habitat, density, or predators, or prevalence of disease. This is appropriate when a
population is to be harvested, or when it slides to an unacceptably low density or increases to an
unacceptably high level.
Custodial Management - CORRECT ANSWER - Preventative or protective. The aim is to
minimize external influences on the population and its habitat. It is appropriate in a national park
where one of the stated goals is to protect ecological processes.
Conservation - CORRECT ANSWER - the wise management and use of natural resources.
Preservation - CORRECT ANSWER - Leaving natural systems or resources as they are
Era of Abundance - CORRECT ANSWER - 1600-1849; Most fish and wildlife species
found in high numbers, resource is viewed as limitless; commons
Era of Overexploitation - CORRECT ANSWER - 1850-1899; Wildlife populations
declined because habitats were modified, repeating firearms, efficient transportation, markets for
wildlife
,Era of Protection - CORRECT ANSWER - 1900-1925; Laws protecting wildlife were
established, including the Lacey Act and Weeks-Mclean Act
Lacey Act - CORRECT ANSWER - 1925; regulated market hunting, controlled
importation of exotics and interstate transport of illegal game
Weeks-Mclean Act - CORRECT ANSWER - 1912; provided for protection of waterfowl
Migratory Bird Treaty Act - CORRECT ANSWER - 1917; Protection of migratory birds
either complete or through regulation
Gifford Pinchot - CORRECT ANSWER - 1865-1946; Generally credited with coining the
term "conservation." A forester who started the first forestry school and lead what became the
U.S. Forest Service.
John Muir - CORRECT ANSWER - 1838-1914; Proponent of the preservationist
movement, Established the Sierra Club in 1892, Advocate of wilderness and aesthetic values of
the land
Era of Game Management - CORRECT ANSWER - 1930-1965; First research and
management programs developed in North America; publication of the book Game Management
in 1933 by Aldo Leopold; the Wildlife Cooperative Research Program was established in 1932 at
universites and graduate education centers; The Wildlife Society was established in 1937
Aldo Leopold - CORRECT ANSWER - 1886-1948; "Father" of wildlife management; the
book Game Management was the first formal integration of ecological principles with
management goals; Co-founder of the Wildlife Society
Era of Environmental Management - CORRECT ANSWER - 1965-Present; Significant
growth in environmental regulation; Endangered Species Act (1966), National Environmental
Policy Act (1966), EPA established 1970, First Earth Day and Clean Air Act (1970)
, Population - CORRECT ANSWER - A group of organisms of the same species that
occupy a space sufficiently close to find each other and reproduce; in practice a group of
individuals in the same place at the same time
Semelparity - CORRECT ANSWER - the occurrence of a single act of reproduction during
an organisms lifetime
Iteroparity - CORRECT ANSWER - repeated production of offspring at intervals
throughout the organism's lifetime.
Carrying Capacity - CORRECT ANSWER - K; The number of individuals that the
resources of a habitat can sustain; function of food, water, cover, predators, parasites, diseases,
climate
Population Dynamics - CORRECT ANSWER - The study of changes in the number and
composition of individuals in a population, and the factors that influence those changes
Natality - CORRECT ANSWER - birth rate, but also includes birth, hatching, germination,
fission...
Fecundity - CORRECT ANSWER - Number of young produced/unit time (often over a
female's lifetime)
Potential Longevity - CORRECT ANSWER - Physiological capability
Realized Longevity - CORRECT ANSWER - Average survival under natural conditions
Density - CORRECT ANSWER - Number of individuals in a specified area
Density Dependence - CORRECT ANSWER - Association between density and individual
reproduction or survival (can be negative or positive feedback)
Exam Questions and CORRECT Answers
Wildlife - CORRECT ANSWER - The practical ecology of vertebrates and their plant and
animal associations; free-roaming vertebrate animals; terrestrial or partially terrestrial vertebrates
Management - CORRECT ANSWER - The manipulation of populations or habitats to
achieve specific goals; 1. pop size greater, 2. population size smaller, 3. harvest population for
continuing yield, 4. leave it alone/protect it, but monitor status
Manipulative Management - CORRECT ANSWER - Acts on a population, either changing
its numbers by direct means or influencing numbers by the indirect means of altering food
supply, habitat, density, or predators, or prevalence of disease. This is appropriate when a
population is to be harvested, or when it slides to an unacceptably low density or increases to an
unacceptably high level.
Custodial Management - CORRECT ANSWER - Preventative or protective. The aim is to
minimize external influences on the population and its habitat. It is appropriate in a national park
where one of the stated goals is to protect ecological processes.
Conservation - CORRECT ANSWER - the wise management and use of natural resources.
Preservation - CORRECT ANSWER - Leaving natural systems or resources as they are
Era of Abundance - CORRECT ANSWER - 1600-1849; Most fish and wildlife species
found in high numbers, resource is viewed as limitless; commons
Era of Overexploitation - CORRECT ANSWER - 1850-1899; Wildlife populations
declined because habitats were modified, repeating firearms, efficient transportation, markets for
wildlife
,Era of Protection - CORRECT ANSWER - 1900-1925; Laws protecting wildlife were
established, including the Lacey Act and Weeks-Mclean Act
Lacey Act - CORRECT ANSWER - 1925; regulated market hunting, controlled
importation of exotics and interstate transport of illegal game
Weeks-Mclean Act - CORRECT ANSWER - 1912; provided for protection of waterfowl
Migratory Bird Treaty Act - CORRECT ANSWER - 1917; Protection of migratory birds
either complete or through regulation
Gifford Pinchot - CORRECT ANSWER - 1865-1946; Generally credited with coining the
term "conservation." A forester who started the first forestry school and lead what became the
U.S. Forest Service.
John Muir - CORRECT ANSWER - 1838-1914; Proponent of the preservationist
movement, Established the Sierra Club in 1892, Advocate of wilderness and aesthetic values of
the land
Era of Game Management - CORRECT ANSWER - 1930-1965; First research and
management programs developed in North America; publication of the book Game Management
in 1933 by Aldo Leopold; the Wildlife Cooperative Research Program was established in 1932 at
universites and graduate education centers; The Wildlife Society was established in 1937
Aldo Leopold - CORRECT ANSWER - 1886-1948; "Father" of wildlife management; the
book Game Management was the first formal integration of ecological principles with
management goals; Co-founder of the Wildlife Society
Era of Environmental Management - CORRECT ANSWER - 1965-Present; Significant
growth in environmental regulation; Endangered Species Act (1966), National Environmental
Policy Act (1966), EPA established 1970, First Earth Day and Clean Air Act (1970)
, Population - CORRECT ANSWER - A group of organisms of the same species that
occupy a space sufficiently close to find each other and reproduce; in practice a group of
individuals in the same place at the same time
Semelparity - CORRECT ANSWER - the occurrence of a single act of reproduction during
an organisms lifetime
Iteroparity - CORRECT ANSWER - repeated production of offspring at intervals
throughout the organism's lifetime.
Carrying Capacity - CORRECT ANSWER - K; The number of individuals that the
resources of a habitat can sustain; function of food, water, cover, predators, parasites, diseases,
climate
Population Dynamics - CORRECT ANSWER - The study of changes in the number and
composition of individuals in a population, and the factors that influence those changes
Natality - CORRECT ANSWER - birth rate, but also includes birth, hatching, germination,
fission...
Fecundity - CORRECT ANSWER - Number of young produced/unit time (often over a
female's lifetime)
Potential Longevity - CORRECT ANSWER - Physiological capability
Realized Longevity - CORRECT ANSWER - Average survival under natural conditions
Density - CORRECT ANSWER - Number of individuals in a specified area
Density Dependence - CORRECT ANSWER - Association between density and individual
reproduction or survival (can be negative or positive feedback)
