IR-B Readings with Complete Solutions
Does the EU Act as a Normative Power?" in Hubert Zimmermann and Andreas Dür,
eds., Key Controversies in European Integration, 3rd edition (London et. al: Palgrave
Macmillan, 2021), pp. 138-150 - ANSWER-In "Does the EU Act as a Normative
Power?" from the third edition of "Key Controversies in European Integration," edited by
Hubert Zimmermann and Andreas Dür, the authors explore the concept of the European
Union (EU) as a normative power. They examine the EU's efforts to promote norms and
values such as democracy, human rights, and the rule of law in its external relations.
Through a critical analysis, the authors assess the EU's effectiveness in advancing
these norms and the challenges it faces in doing so. They discuss debates surrounding
the concept of normative power Europe, including differing interpretations and critiques
of the EU's normative role. The chapter provides insights into the complexities of norm
promotion by the EU and its implications for European integration and global
governance.
"Let them eat pollution" [Larry Summers memo] The Economist (2/8/1992), p. 1.
http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=6&hid=104&sid=ab6a651d-faba-4bc3-af78-
d034a1e3eb14%40sessionmgr104&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db
=aph&AN=9202244211 - ANSWER-In "Let them eat pollution," an article published in
The Economist on February 8, 1992, the piece likely discusses a controversial memo
written by Larry Summers, an economist and then-Chief Economist of the World Bank.
The memo, titled "Pollution in the Third World," sparked outrage due to its contentious
suggestion that developing countries could be used as a dumping ground for pollution-
intensive industries. The article probably analyzes the ethical and environmental
implications of Summers' memo, as well as the broader debate surrounding economic
development, environmental protection, and global inequality. It likely delves into the
reactions and criticisms from environmentalists, policymakers, and civil society
organizations, highlighting the tensions between economic growth and environmental
sustainability in international development discourse. Overall, the article likely provides
insights into the complex intersections of economics, politics, and environmental ethics
during the time of publication.
"Stay the Hand of Vengeance: The Politics of War Crimes Tribunals" by Gary Bass
Chapter on Nuremberg Trials - ANSWER-In "Stay the Hand of Vengeance: The Politics
of War Crimes Tribunals" by Gary Bass, the chapter on the Nuremberg Trials examines
the establishment and proceedings of the Nuremberg Tribunal following World War II.
Bass explores the political, legal, and ethical dimensions of the Nuremberg Trials, which
aimed to hold Nazi leaders accountable for their roles in war crimes, crimes against
humanity, and genocide. The chapter delves into the motivations behind the Allies'
decision to prosecute Nazi officials, highlighting the tension between justice and
pragmatism in the aftermath of the war. Bass also assesses the legal basis and
procedural fairness of the Nuremberg Trials, as well as their broader impact on the
development of international criminal law and human rights norms. Through detailed
analysis and historical evidence, the chapter provides insights into the complexities of
,post-war justice and the challenges of addressing mass atrocities in the aftermath of
conflict.
"The parable of the plug: How plugs explain the potential and limits of the EU's strange
superpower." The Economist, February 6, 2020 - ANSWER-"The Parable of the Plug:
How Plugs Explain the Potential and Limits of the EU's Strange Superpower" is an
article published in The Economist on February 6, 2020. The article uses the analogy of
electrical plugs to illustrate the European Union's (EU) role as a global superpower. It
highlights how EU regulations on the design of electrical plugs have had a significant
impact beyond its borders, with many countries adopting the EU standard. This example
is used to demonstrate the EU's influence in setting global standards and regulations,
often referred to as the "Brussels Effect." The article discusses how the EU's regulatory
power extends far beyond its economic and military capabilities, shaping global norms
and standards in various sectors, from consumer goods to data protection. However, it
also acknowledges the limitations of the EU's power, citing challenges such as
enforcement and the resistance of some countries to adopt EU standards. Overall, "The
Parable of the Plug" provides insight into the EU's unique form of influence and its
potential to shape global governance through regulatory means, while also recognizing
the constraints and complexities inherent in this role.
Abbott, Kenneth W.; Keohane, Robert O.; Moravcsik, Andrew; Slaughter, Anne-Marie;
and Snidal, Duncan. 2000. "The Concept of Legalization." International Organization 54
(3): 401-419. - ANSWER-"The Concept of Legalization," authored by Abbott, Keohane,
Moravcsik, Slaughter, and Snidal in 2000 and published in International Organization,
explores the concept of "legalization" in international relations. The article defines
legalization as a process where international rules and norms become increasingly
codified and enforced through legal mechanisms, thereby shifting governance from
informal practices to more formal, rule-based systems. It argues that legalization can
enhance predictability, stability, and accountability in international affairs. The authors
analyze the varying degrees of legalization across different issue areas and assess its
implications for state behavior, compliance, and global governance structures. They
also explore the factors driving the trend towards legalization and the potential
challenges and limitations associated with it.
Alesina, Glaeser and Sacerdote "Why doesn't the US have a European-style welfare
state?" Harvard Institute of Economic Research discussion paper 1933 Available at
http://www.wcfia.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/423__0332-Alesina11.pdf - ANSWER-In
their paper "Why doesn't the US have a European-style welfare state?" published as
Harvard Institute of Economic Research discussion paper 1933, Alesina, Glaeser, and
Sacerdote investigate the factors contributing to the differences between the welfare
states of the United States and Europe. The authors analyze historical, cultural, and
political determinants that have shaped the development of welfare policies in each
region. They explore how factors such as ethnic diversity, historical experiences, and
ideological preferences have influenced the design and implementation of social welfare
programs. Through empirical analysis and theoretical insights, Alesina, Glaeser, and
Sacerdote provide a nuanced understanding of the divergent paths taken by the US and
, European countries in the provision of social welfare. Their research contributes to the
broader discourse on comparative social policy and the role of political economy factors
in shaping welfare state development.
Anatol Lieven, America Right or Wrong: An Anatomy of American Nationalism (Oxford
and New York: Oxford University Press 2004), pp.1-47. - ANSWER-In "America Right or
Wrong: An Anatomy of American Nationalism" by Anatol Lieven, published by Oxford
University Press in 2004, Lieven examines the complexities of American nationalism
and its impact on domestic and foreign policy. The introductory section likely provides
an overview of the book's central themes, including the concept of American
exceptionalism and its historical roots. Lieven may explore the tension between
idealistic and pragmatic impulses in American foreign policy, as well as the role of
nationalism in shaping public discourse and political decision-making. Additionally,
Lieven may analyze the implications of American nationalism for international relations,
including its influence on perceptions of US power and leadership. Through empirical
analysis and theoretical insights, Lieven offers a nuanced examination of American
nationalism and its implications for domestic and global politics.
Andrea Gilli and Mauro Gilli Why China Has Not Caught Up Yet Military-Technological
Superiority and the Limits of Imitation, Reverse Engineering, and Cyber Espionage ,
International Security, Vol. 43, No. 3 (Winter 2018/19), pp. 141-189 - ANSWER-In their
article "Why China Has Not Caught Up Yet: Military-Technological Superiority and the
Limits of Imitation, Reverse Engineering, and Cyber Espionage," published in
International Security in Winter 2018/19, Andrea Gilli and Mauro Gilli examine China's
efforts to achieve military-technological parity with the United States. The authors argue
that despite China's significant investments in military modernization, it has not yet fully
closed the gap in military capabilities with the US. They attribute this disparity to the
challenges China faces in imitating, reverse engineering, and engaging in cyber
espionage to acquire advanced military technologies. Through empirical analysis and
case studies, Gilli and Gilli provide insights into the limitations of China's strategies for
technological catch-up in the military realm. They highlight the importance of indigenous
innovation, institutional reforms, and broader socio-economic factors in driving military-
technological advancements. Overall, their research contributes to a better
understanding of the complexities of military competition between major powers and the
factors shaping technological innovation in the contemporary security environment.
Andrew Moravcsik, 'The Origins of Human Rights Regimes: Democratic Delegation in
Post-War Europe', International Organization, vol. 54, no. 2, 2000, pp. 217-252
http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=164775 -
ANSWER-Andrew Moravcsik's article, "The Origins of Human Rights Regimes:
Democratic Delegation in Post-War Europe," published in International Organization in
2000, explores the development of human rights regimes in post-war Europe. Moravcsik
argues that the establishment of these regimes was primarily driven by democratic
delegation, wherein democratic states delegated authority to international institutions to
promote and protect human rights. He examines the role of key actors such as states,
international organizations, and non-governmental organizations in shaping human
Does the EU Act as a Normative Power?" in Hubert Zimmermann and Andreas Dür,
eds., Key Controversies in European Integration, 3rd edition (London et. al: Palgrave
Macmillan, 2021), pp. 138-150 - ANSWER-In "Does the EU Act as a Normative
Power?" from the third edition of "Key Controversies in European Integration," edited by
Hubert Zimmermann and Andreas Dür, the authors explore the concept of the European
Union (EU) as a normative power. They examine the EU's efforts to promote norms and
values such as democracy, human rights, and the rule of law in its external relations.
Through a critical analysis, the authors assess the EU's effectiveness in advancing
these norms and the challenges it faces in doing so. They discuss debates surrounding
the concept of normative power Europe, including differing interpretations and critiques
of the EU's normative role. The chapter provides insights into the complexities of norm
promotion by the EU and its implications for European integration and global
governance.
"Let them eat pollution" [Larry Summers memo] The Economist (2/8/1992), p. 1.
http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=6&hid=104&sid=ab6a651d-faba-4bc3-af78-
d034a1e3eb14%40sessionmgr104&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db
=aph&AN=9202244211 - ANSWER-In "Let them eat pollution," an article published in
The Economist on February 8, 1992, the piece likely discusses a controversial memo
written by Larry Summers, an economist and then-Chief Economist of the World Bank.
The memo, titled "Pollution in the Third World," sparked outrage due to its contentious
suggestion that developing countries could be used as a dumping ground for pollution-
intensive industries. The article probably analyzes the ethical and environmental
implications of Summers' memo, as well as the broader debate surrounding economic
development, environmental protection, and global inequality. It likely delves into the
reactions and criticisms from environmentalists, policymakers, and civil society
organizations, highlighting the tensions between economic growth and environmental
sustainability in international development discourse. Overall, the article likely provides
insights into the complex intersections of economics, politics, and environmental ethics
during the time of publication.
"Stay the Hand of Vengeance: The Politics of War Crimes Tribunals" by Gary Bass
Chapter on Nuremberg Trials - ANSWER-In "Stay the Hand of Vengeance: The Politics
of War Crimes Tribunals" by Gary Bass, the chapter on the Nuremberg Trials examines
the establishment and proceedings of the Nuremberg Tribunal following World War II.
Bass explores the political, legal, and ethical dimensions of the Nuremberg Trials, which
aimed to hold Nazi leaders accountable for their roles in war crimes, crimes against
humanity, and genocide. The chapter delves into the motivations behind the Allies'
decision to prosecute Nazi officials, highlighting the tension between justice and
pragmatism in the aftermath of the war. Bass also assesses the legal basis and
procedural fairness of the Nuremberg Trials, as well as their broader impact on the
development of international criminal law and human rights norms. Through detailed
analysis and historical evidence, the chapter provides insights into the complexities of
,post-war justice and the challenges of addressing mass atrocities in the aftermath of
conflict.
"The parable of the plug: How plugs explain the potential and limits of the EU's strange
superpower." The Economist, February 6, 2020 - ANSWER-"The Parable of the Plug:
How Plugs Explain the Potential and Limits of the EU's Strange Superpower" is an
article published in The Economist on February 6, 2020. The article uses the analogy of
electrical plugs to illustrate the European Union's (EU) role as a global superpower. It
highlights how EU regulations on the design of electrical plugs have had a significant
impact beyond its borders, with many countries adopting the EU standard. This example
is used to demonstrate the EU's influence in setting global standards and regulations,
often referred to as the "Brussels Effect." The article discusses how the EU's regulatory
power extends far beyond its economic and military capabilities, shaping global norms
and standards in various sectors, from consumer goods to data protection. However, it
also acknowledges the limitations of the EU's power, citing challenges such as
enforcement and the resistance of some countries to adopt EU standards. Overall, "The
Parable of the Plug" provides insight into the EU's unique form of influence and its
potential to shape global governance through regulatory means, while also recognizing
the constraints and complexities inherent in this role.
Abbott, Kenneth W.; Keohane, Robert O.; Moravcsik, Andrew; Slaughter, Anne-Marie;
and Snidal, Duncan. 2000. "The Concept of Legalization." International Organization 54
(3): 401-419. - ANSWER-"The Concept of Legalization," authored by Abbott, Keohane,
Moravcsik, Slaughter, and Snidal in 2000 and published in International Organization,
explores the concept of "legalization" in international relations. The article defines
legalization as a process where international rules and norms become increasingly
codified and enforced through legal mechanisms, thereby shifting governance from
informal practices to more formal, rule-based systems. It argues that legalization can
enhance predictability, stability, and accountability in international affairs. The authors
analyze the varying degrees of legalization across different issue areas and assess its
implications for state behavior, compliance, and global governance structures. They
also explore the factors driving the trend towards legalization and the potential
challenges and limitations associated with it.
Alesina, Glaeser and Sacerdote "Why doesn't the US have a European-style welfare
state?" Harvard Institute of Economic Research discussion paper 1933 Available at
http://www.wcfia.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/423__0332-Alesina11.pdf - ANSWER-In
their paper "Why doesn't the US have a European-style welfare state?" published as
Harvard Institute of Economic Research discussion paper 1933, Alesina, Glaeser, and
Sacerdote investigate the factors contributing to the differences between the welfare
states of the United States and Europe. The authors analyze historical, cultural, and
political determinants that have shaped the development of welfare policies in each
region. They explore how factors such as ethnic diversity, historical experiences, and
ideological preferences have influenced the design and implementation of social welfare
programs. Through empirical analysis and theoretical insights, Alesina, Glaeser, and
Sacerdote provide a nuanced understanding of the divergent paths taken by the US and
, European countries in the provision of social welfare. Their research contributes to the
broader discourse on comparative social policy and the role of political economy factors
in shaping welfare state development.
Anatol Lieven, America Right or Wrong: An Anatomy of American Nationalism (Oxford
and New York: Oxford University Press 2004), pp.1-47. - ANSWER-In "America Right or
Wrong: An Anatomy of American Nationalism" by Anatol Lieven, published by Oxford
University Press in 2004, Lieven examines the complexities of American nationalism
and its impact on domestic and foreign policy. The introductory section likely provides
an overview of the book's central themes, including the concept of American
exceptionalism and its historical roots. Lieven may explore the tension between
idealistic and pragmatic impulses in American foreign policy, as well as the role of
nationalism in shaping public discourse and political decision-making. Additionally,
Lieven may analyze the implications of American nationalism for international relations,
including its influence on perceptions of US power and leadership. Through empirical
analysis and theoretical insights, Lieven offers a nuanced examination of American
nationalism and its implications for domestic and global politics.
Andrea Gilli and Mauro Gilli Why China Has Not Caught Up Yet Military-Technological
Superiority and the Limits of Imitation, Reverse Engineering, and Cyber Espionage ,
International Security, Vol. 43, No. 3 (Winter 2018/19), pp. 141-189 - ANSWER-In their
article "Why China Has Not Caught Up Yet: Military-Technological Superiority and the
Limits of Imitation, Reverse Engineering, and Cyber Espionage," published in
International Security in Winter 2018/19, Andrea Gilli and Mauro Gilli examine China's
efforts to achieve military-technological parity with the United States. The authors argue
that despite China's significant investments in military modernization, it has not yet fully
closed the gap in military capabilities with the US. They attribute this disparity to the
challenges China faces in imitating, reverse engineering, and engaging in cyber
espionage to acquire advanced military technologies. Through empirical analysis and
case studies, Gilli and Gilli provide insights into the limitations of China's strategies for
technological catch-up in the military realm. They highlight the importance of indigenous
innovation, institutional reforms, and broader socio-economic factors in driving military-
technological advancements. Overall, their research contributes to a better
understanding of the complexities of military competition between major powers and the
factors shaping technological innovation in the contemporary security environment.
Andrew Moravcsik, 'The Origins of Human Rights Regimes: Democratic Delegation in
Post-War Europe', International Organization, vol. 54, no. 2, 2000, pp. 217-252
http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=164775 -
ANSWER-Andrew Moravcsik's article, "The Origins of Human Rights Regimes:
Democratic Delegation in Post-War Europe," published in International Organization in
2000, explores the development of human rights regimes in post-war Europe. Moravcsik
argues that the establishment of these regimes was primarily driven by democratic
delegation, wherein democratic states delegated authority to international institutions to
promote and protect human rights. He examines the role of key actors such as states,
international organizations, and non-governmental organizations in shaping human
