WGU D115
How do acute and chronic inflammation differ? - ✔️✔️Acute- Short duration, 8-10 days
from onset to healing. The three systemic changes associated with the acute
inflammatory response are fever, leukocytosis, and plasma protein synthesis. Chronic
inflammation- can be a continuation of acute inflammation that last 2 weeks or longer. It
can also occur as a distinct process without much preceding acute inflammation.
What are the phases of wound healing and the process that takes place during each? -
✔️✔️Phase 1- Inflammation- includes coagulation and the infiltration of cells that
participate in wound healing, including platelets, neutrophils, and macrophages. Phase
2- Proliferation and New Tissue Formation (Reconstruction)- wound begins to heal. This
stage begins 3-4 days after injury and continues for as long as 2 weeks. Phase 3-
Remodeling and Maturation- phase for recovering normal tissue structure that can
persist for years
What are the 3 layers of human defense? What happens during each? - ✔️✔️Physical-
protect against damage and infection are composed of tightly associated epithelial cells
including those of the skin and of the membranous sheets lining the gastrointestinal,
genitourinary, and respiratory tracts. Mechanical- "washing" the surfaces (sloughing off
of dead skin, vomiting, urination, coughing). Biochemical barriers- secrets substances
meant to trap of destroy microorganisms. (Mucus, sweat, saliva, tears, sebaceous
glands, and earwax).
What is the second line of defense and the process? - ✔️✔️Inflammatory response-
rapid and nonspecific, protective response to cellular injury from any cause. It can occur
only in vascularized tissue.
How does the inflammatory response differ in neonates? - ✔️✔️Neonates often have
transiently depressed inflammatory function, particularly neutrophil chemotaxis and
alternative complement activity.
How and why does aging affect innate immunity? - ✔️✔️Aging alters the tissue
microenvironment and macrophage function with changes in wound healing
neoangiogenesis and fibrosis.
What is the third line of defense and the process that takes place? - ✔️✔️Adaptive
immunity (immune response or immunity)- the third line of defense in the human body.
Consists of lymphocytes and serum proteins called antibodies. - Secondary responder-
augments the initial defenses against infection and provides long term security against
re-infection. - B cells- humeral can kill free floating pathogens - T cells- cell - mediated-
can kill pathogens hiding inside cells.
, How and why does the neonate have a poorly developed immune response? -
✔️✔️The human neonate has a poorly developed immune response, particularly in the
production of IgG. The fetus and neonate are protected in utero and during the first few
post-natal months by maternal antibody that was actively transported across the
placenta.
What terms are collectively known as hypersensitivity reactions? - ✔️✔️Allergy,
autoimmunity, and alloimmunity are collectively known as hypersensitivity reactions.
Hypersensitivity Response I - IgE mediated- primary cause of common allergies. Binds
with mast cells which release histamine. (initiates allergic reaction). Histamine release
leads to bronchial smooth muscle contraction, bronchoconstriction, and immune
response II- tissue specific- wrong blood type administered or hemolytic disease of the
newborn. Complement pathway activated III- Immune complex mediated IV- cell
mediated - graft rejection
What are some causes of autoimmune diseases? - ✔️✔️Autoimmune disease can be
caused by the exposure of a previously sequestered antigen, the development of a
neoantigen, the complications of infectious disease, the emergence of a forbidden clone
of lymphocytes, or the consequence of ineffective peripheral tolerance. The
mechanisms for imitation of autoimmune diseases may already be within humans.
What are some examples of alloimmune disorders? And why do these occur? -
✔️✔️Alloimmunity is the immune systems reaction against antigens on the tissues of
other members of the same species. - Transient neonatal disease - Transplant rejection
- Transfusion reaction
What causes an immune deficiency? - ✔️✔️Immune deficiencies are either congenital
or acquired. Primary immune deficiencies are caused by genetic defects that disrupt
lymphocyte development, whereas secondary immune deficiencies are secondary to
disease or other physiologic alterations.
What are autoinflammatory diseases characterized by? - ✔️✔️Autoinflammatory
disorders are characterized by abnormally high levels of inflammation secondary to
mutations in control of inflammasome activation or in defects in cellular receptors of
cytokines designed to decrease inflammation.
What are some causes of Acquired immunodeficiencies? - ✔️✔️Acquired
immunodeficiencies are caused by superimposed conditions, such as aging,
malnutrition, infections, malignancies, physical or psychologic trauma, environmental
factors, some medical treatments, or other diseases.
How are deficiencies in immunity treated? - ✔️✔️Deficiencies in immunity usually are
treated by replacement therapy. Deficient antibody production is treated by replacement
of missing immunoglobulins with commercial gamma globulin preparations. Lymphocyte
How do acute and chronic inflammation differ? - ✔️✔️Acute- Short duration, 8-10 days
from onset to healing. The three systemic changes associated with the acute
inflammatory response are fever, leukocytosis, and plasma protein synthesis. Chronic
inflammation- can be a continuation of acute inflammation that last 2 weeks or longer. It
can also occur as a distinct process without much preceding acute inflammation.
What are the phases of wound healing and the process that takes place during each? -
✔️✔️Phase 1- Inflammation- includes coagulation and the infiltration of cells that
participate in wound healing, including platelets, neutrophils, and macrophages. Phase
2- Proliferation and New Tissue Formation (Reconstruction)- wound begins to heal. This
stage begins 3-4 days after injury and continues for as long as 2 weeks. Phase 3-
Remodeling and Maturation- phase for recovering normal tissue structure that can
persist for years
What are the 3 layers of human defense? What happens during each? - ✔️✔️Physical-
protect against damage and infection are composed of tightly associated epithelial cells
including those of the skin and of the membranous sheets lining the gastrointestinal,
genitourinary, and respiratory tracts. Mechanical- "washing" the surfaces (sloughing off
of dead skin, vomiting, urination, coughing). Biochemical barriers- secrets substances
meant to trap of destroy microorganisms. (Mucus, sweat, saliva, tears, sebaceous
glands, and earwax).
What is the second line of defense and the process? - ✔️✔️Inflammatory response-
rapid and nonspecific, protective response to cellular injury from any cause. It can occur
only in vascularized tissue.
How does the inflammatory response differ in neonates? - ✔️✔️Neonates often have
transiently depressed inflammatory function, particularly neutrophil chemotaxis and
alternative complement activity.
How and why does aging affect innate immunity? - ✔️✔️Aging alters the tissue
microenvironment and macrophage function with changes in wound healing
neoangiogenesis and fibrosis.
What is the third line of defense and the process that takes place? - ✔️✔️Adaptive
immunity (immune response or immunity)- the third line of defense in the human body.
Consists of lymphocytes and serum proteins called antibodies. - Secondary responder-
augments the initial defenses against infection and provides long term security against
re-infection. - B cells- humeral can kill free floating pathogens - T cells- cell - mediated-
can kill pathogens hiding inside cells.
, How and why does the neonate have a poorly developed immune response? -
✔️✔️The human neonate has a poorly developed immune response, particularly in the
production of IgG. The fetus and neonate are protected in utero and during the first few
post-natal months by maternal antibody that was actively transported across the
placenta.
What terms are collectively known as hypersensitivity reactions? - ✔️✔️Allergy,
autoimmunity, and alloimmunity are collectively known as hypersensitivity reactions.
Hypersensitivity Response I - IgE mediated- primary cause of common allergies. Binds
with mast cells which release histamine. (initiates allergic reaction). Histamine release
leads to bronchial smooth muscle contraction, bronchoconstriction, and immune
response II- tissue specific- wrong blood type administered or hemolytic disease of the
newborn. Complement pathway activated III- Immune complex mediated IV- cell
mediated - graft rejection
What are some causes of autoimmune diseases? - ✔️✔️Autoimmune disease can be
caused by the exposure of a previously sequestered antigen, the development of a
neoantigen, the complications of infectious disease, the emergence of a forbidden clone
of lymphocytes, or the consequence of ineffective peripheral tolerance. The
mechanisms for imitation of autoimmune diseases may already be within humans.
What are some examples of alloimmune disorders? And why do these occur? -
✔️✔️Alloimmunity is the immune systems reaction against antigens on the tissues of
other members of the same species. - Transient neonatal disease - Transplant rejection
- Transfusion reaction
What causes an immune deficiency? - ✔️✔️Immune deficiencies are either congenital
or acquired. Primary immune deficiencies are caused by genetic defects that disrupt
lymphocyte development, whereas secondary immune deficiencies are secondary to
disease or other physiologic alterations.
What are autoinflammatory diseases characterized by? - ✔️✔️Autoinflammatory
disorders are characterized by abnormally high levels of inflammation secondary to
mutations in control of inflammasome activation or in defects in cellular receptors of
cytokines designed to decrease inflammation.
What are some causes of Acquired immunodeficiencies? - ✔️✔️Acquired
immunodeficiencies are caused by superimposed conditions, such as aging,
malnutrition, infections, malignancies, physical or psychologic trauma, environmental
factors, some medical treatments, or other diseases.
How are deficiencies in immunity treated? - ✔️✔️Deficiencies in immunity usually are
treated by replacement therapy. Deficient antibody production is treated by replacement
of missing immunoglobulins with commercial gamma globulin preparations. Lymphocyte
