MMBIO 221 Exam 1 – Robison – Complete Q’s with
A’s
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek - -father of microscopy. invented simple
microscope and discovered microbial life
- Francesco Redi - -proved spontaneous generation was false with eggs laid
on meat by flies
- Spallanzani - -criticized Redi that he didn't heat the vials up enough to
keep sterile
- Pasteur - -broth experiments with curved opening and heated
(pasteurization) to disprove spontaneous generation.
- Koch - -germ theory that microbial life exists that cause disease. A 4 step
system to identify pathogens (Koch's Postulates)
- Semmelweis - -aseptic technique - hand washing
- Lister - -Antiseptic surgery and clean instruments
- Snow - -Father of epidemiology, discovered polio was being transmitted
through water
- Jenner - -immunology, developed first smallpox vaccine
- Ehrlich - -magic bullet idea that would kill pathogen and not host.
Chemotherapy
- Woese - -established 3 domains (Archaea, Eukaryote, Prokaryote)
- Alexander Fleming - -discovered penicillin
- Domagk - -discovered prontosil for streptococcal infections
- Waksman - -coined "antibiotic". found from searching in dirt
- Unique Characteristics of Fungi - -Cell wall made of CHITIN
multicellular (mold) and unicellular (yeast)
Eukaryotic
- Unique Characteristics of Algae - -uni- or multi-cellular
photosynthetic
most non-pathogenic
, - Unique Characteristics of Protozoa - -single celled eukaryote
live inside WATER or animal hosts
asexual
- Unique Characteristics of Bacteria - -peptidoglycan cell wall
prokaryotic
- Unique Characteristics of Viruses - -genetic material inside protein coating
only live a short time outside other living cells but spread easily
no cellular structure
- What substances can cross a membrane - -small molecules like water,
CO2, and oxygen
- What substances CANNOT cross a membrane - -charged/larger molecules
like ion and glucose
- Simple Diffusion - -travel directly through membrane occurring near
bottom of concentration gradient
lipid soluble
- Facilitated Diffusion - -use membrane protein channels to allow charged
molecules to move in and out of the cell
- Active transport - -uniport: one thing
antiport: two moving opposite directions
symport: two moving same direction
group translocation: chemically modifying substances as they move into cell
- Osmosis - -movement of water across a membrane
- External Bacterial Structures - -glycocalyces (capsules and slime layers)
Fimbriae - sticky bristles to adhere to another substance
Pili - conjugation
- Internal bacterial structures - -inclusions - deposits of materials
ribosomes - make proteins
- gram + cell - -THICK peptidoglycan layer
TEICHOIC acid
CRYSTAL VIOLET stain
can form ENDOSPORES
- gram - cell - -THIN peptidoglycan layer
outer and inner membrane with peptidoglycan in middle
A’s
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek - -father of microscopy. invented simple
microscope and discovered microbial life
- Francesco Redi - -proved spontaneous generation was false with eggs laid
on meat by flies
- Spallanzani - -criticized Redi that he didn't heat the vials up enough to
keep sterile
- Pasteur - -broth experiments with curved opening and heated
(pasteurization) to disprove spontaneous generation.
- Koch - -germ theory that microbial life exists that cause disease. A 4 step
system to identify pathogens (Koch's Postulates)
- Semmelweis - -aseptic technique - hand washing
- Lister - -Antiseptic surgery and clean instruments
- Snow - -Father of epidemiology, discovered polio was being transmitted
through water
- Jenner - -immunology, developed first smallpox vaccine
- Ehrlich - -magic bullet idea that would kill pathogen and not host.
Chemotherapy
- Woese - -established 3 domains (Archaea, Eukaryote, Prokaryote)
- Alexander Fleming - -discovered penicillin
- Domagk - -discovered prontosil for streptococcal infections
- Waksman - -coined "antibiotic". found from searching in dirt
- Unique Characteristics of Fungi - -Cell wall made of CHITIN
multicellular (mold) and unicellular (yeast)
Eukaryotic
- Unique Characteristics of Algae - -uni- or multi-cellular
photosynthetic
most non-pathogenic
, - Unique Characteristics of Protozoa - -single celled eukaryote
live inside WATER or animal hosts
asexual
- Unique Characteristics of Bacteria - -peptidoglycan cell wall
prokaryotic
- Unique Characteristics of Viruses - -genetic material inside protein coating
only live a short time outside other living cells but spread easily
no cellular structure
- What substances can cross a membrane - -small molecules like water,
CO2, and oxygen
- What substances CANNOT cross a membrane - -charged/larger molecules
like ion and glucose
- Simple Diffusion - -travel directly through membrane occurring near
bottom of concentration gradient
lipid soluble
- Facilitated Diffusion - -use membrane protein channels to allow charged
molecules to move in and out of the cell
- Active transport - -uniport: one thing
antiport: two moving opposite directions
symport: two moving same direction
group translocation: chemically modifying substances as they move into cell
- Osmosis - -movement of water across a membrane
- External Bacterial Structures - -glycocalyces (capsules and slime layers)
Fimbriae - sticky bristles to adhere to another substance
Pili - conjugation
- Internal bacterial structures - -inclusions - deposits of materials
ribosomes - make proteins
- gram + cell - -THICK peptidoglycan layer
TEICHOIC acid
CRYSTAL VIOLET stain
can form ENDOSPORES
- gram - cell - -THIN peptidoglycan layer
outer and inner membrane with peptidoglycan in middle
