NGR 6140
Physiology & Pathophysiology
Comprehensive Final Test (Qns & Ans)
2025
1. Which of the following is the primary function of the alveoli
in the respiratory system?
- A) To transport oxygenated blood to the heart
- B) To filter and humidify inspired air
- C) To exchange gases between the air and blood
- D) To produce surfactant
- ANS: C) To exchange gases between the air and blood
©/2025
, - Rationale: The alveoli are the primary sites for gas
exchange, where oxygen is transferred from the air to the blood,
and carbon dioxide is transferred from the blood to the air.
2. What is the primary cause of edema in heart failure patients?
- A) Increased capillary permeability
- B) Increased oncotic pressure
- C) Decreased hydrostatic pressure
- D) Increased hydrostatic pressure
- ANS: D) Increased hydrostatic pressure
- Rationale: Edema in heart failure patients is primarily
caused by increased hydrostatic pressure due to the heart's
inability to effectively pump blood, leading to fluid accumulation
in the tissues.
Fill-in-the-Blank Questions
3. The __________ hormone is released by the pancreas in
response to low blood glucose levels and stimulates glycogen
breakdown in the liver.
- ANS: Glucagon
- Rationale: Glucagon is released by the pancreas when blood
glucose levels are low, stimulating glycogen breakdown to
increase glucose availability.
©/2025
,4. __________ is the pathological process characterized by the
gradual narrowing and hardening of arterial walls due to the
accumulation of fatty deposits and plaque.
- ANS: Atherosclerosis
- Rationale: Atherosclerosis involves the buildup of fatty
deposits and plaque in arterial walls, leading to reduced blood
flow and increased risk of cardiovascular events.
True/False Questions
5. True or False: The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
(RAAS) plays a key role in regulating blood pressure and fluid
balance.
- ANS: True
- Rationale: The RAAS is a critical regulatory system that
helps control blood pressure and fluid balance by adjusting blood
vessel constriction and sodium retention.
6. True or False: Hyperthyroidism is characterized by decreased
levels of thyroid hormones and a slowed metabolic rate.
- ANS: False
©/2025
, - Rationale: Hyperthyroidism is characterized by increased
levels of thyroid hormones and an accelerated metabolic rate, not
decreased levels.
Multiple Response Questions
7. Which of the following are common symptoms of chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)? (Select all that apply)
- A) Chronic cough
- B) Shortness of breath
- C) Frequent respiratory infections
- D) Hypertension
- ANS: A) Chronic cough, B) Shortness of breath, C) Frequent
respiratory infections
- Rationale: Common symptoms of COPD include chronic
cough, shortness of breath, and frequent respiratory infections.
Hypertension is not a direct symptom of COPD.
8. Which factors contribute to the development of type 2
diabetes mellitus? (Select all that apply)
- A) Obesity
- B) Sedentary lifestyle
- C) Genetics
©/2025
Physiology & Pathophysiology
Comprehensive Final Test (Qns & Ans)
2025
1. Which of the following is the primary function of the alveoli
in the respiratory system?
- A) To transport oxygenated blood to the heart
- B) To filter and humidify inspired air
- C) To exchange gases between the air and blood
- D) To produce surfactant
- ANS: C) To exchange gases between the air and blood
©/2025
, - Rationale: The alveoli are the primary sites for gas
exchange, where oxygen is transferred from the air to the blood,
and carbon dioxide is transferred from the blood to the air.
2. What is the primary cause of edema in heart failure patients?
- A) Increased capillary permeability
- B) Increased oncotic pressure
- C) Decreased hydrostatic pressure
- D) Increased hydrostatic pressure
- ANS: D) Increased hydrostatic pressure
- Rationale: Edema in heart failure patients is primarily
caused by increased hydrostatic pressure due to the heart's
inability to effectively pump blood, leading to fluid accumulation
in the tissues.
Fill-in-the-Blank Questions
3. The __________ hormone is released by the pancreas in
response to low blood glucose levels and stimulates glycogen
breakdown in the liver.
- ANS: Glucagon
- Rationale: Glucagon is released by the pancreas when blood
glucose levels are low, stimulating glycogen breakdown to
increase glucose availability.
©/2025
,4. __________ is the pathological process characterized by the
gradual narrowing and hardening of arterial walls due to the
accumulation of fatty deposits and plaque.
- ANS: Atherosclerosis
- Rationale: Atherosclerosis involves the buildup of fatty
deposits and plaque in arterial walls, leading to reduced blood
flow and increased risk of cardiovascular events.
True/False Questions
5. True or False: The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
(RAAS) plays a key role in regulating blood pressure and fluid
balance.
- ANS: True
- Rationale: The RAAS is a critical regulatory system that
helps control blood pressure and fluid balance by adjusting blood
vessel constriction and sodium retention.
6. True or False: Hyperthyroidism is characterized by decreased
levels of thyroid hormones and a slowed metabolic rate.
- ANS: False
©/2025
, - Rationale: Hyperthyroidism is characterized by increased
levels of thyroid hormones and an accelerated metabolic rate, not
decreased levels.
Multiple Response Questions
7. Which of the following are common symptoms of chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)? (Select all that apply)
- A) Chronic cough
- B) Shortness of breath
- C) Frequent respiratory infections
- D) Hypertension
- ANS: A) Chronic cough, B) Shortness of breath, C) Frequent
respiratory infections
- Rationale: Common symptoms of COPD include chronic
cough, shortness of breath, and frequent respiratory infections.
Hypertension is not a direct symptom of COPD.
8. Which factors contribute to the development of type 2
diabetes mellitus? (Select all that apply)
- A) Obesity
- B) Sedentary lifestyle
- C) Genetics
©/2025
