Anatomy and Physiology Exam 2:Glossary for Key Terms 2025
Albinism - ansgenetic lack of melanin
Apocrine glands - ansopen into hair follicles in anal region, groin, and armpits
Appendicular skeleton - ansappendages (bones of the upper and lower limbs and shoulder, hip bones)
Appositional growth - ansbone growth in diameter and thickness through growth of new tissue at the surface
Axial Skeleton - ansForms the long axis of the body (skull, vertebral column, rib cage)
Calcitonin - anssecreted by thyroid gland when blood calcium levels are too high
Calcitrol (vitamin D) - anspromotes intestinal calcium absorption, reduced excretion of calcium in urine
Canaliculi - anshair like canals that connect osteocytes within an osteon
Central canal - anssmall blood vessels and nerves that runs through each osteon
Closed (simple) Fracture - anscompletely internal
Compact bone - ansdense outer layer that looks smooth and solid
Complete fracture - ansbone is broken through
Cyanosis - ansblueness of skin due to deficiency of oxygen
,Define: Vasoconstriction - ansnarrowing of blood vessels, reduces heat loss
Define: Vasodilation - answidening of blood vessels, increases heat loss
Dendritic cells (functions and 2nd name) - ansmacrophages (big phagocytic cells) that kill microbes
Describe bone resorption? - ansOsteoclasts secrete lysosomal enzymes that digest the organic matrix and
metabolic acids that digest calcium salts (release calcium)
Describe the change in bone marrow as bones age? - ansRed bone marrow becomes yellow bone marrow that
can't produce blood cells
Describe the evolution of skin color - ansStrong correlation between skin color and strength of sunlight across
the globe; people in north evolved fair skin to absorb more UV light for vitamin D production, dark skin in
tropics to block out sun
Describe what happens during appositional growth - ansOsteoblasts in periosteum secrete bone matrix on
external surface of the bone
Osteoclasts on endosteal (internal) surface remove bone
- More buildup than broken down, bone gets thicker
Diaphysis - ansthe shaft of the long bone
Elastic cartilage (describe it and say where it is found) - ansvery flexible
Found: external ear
Endochondral ossification - answithin hyaline cartilage, forms most bones
, Endosteal - ansinternal surface of the bone
Endosteum - ansdelicate CT layer
Epiphysis - ansbone ends
Fibrocartilage - ansfibers give it strength
Found: interverbral discs
Fibrosis - answhen connective tissue is replaced by fibrous connective tissue (when it repairs itself), causes
scarring
Functions of the Integumentary System - ans-Resistance to trauma and infection
-Prevents loss or gain of water
-Vitamin D synthesis
-Sensory receptors for heat, cold, touch, texture, pressure, vibration, and tissue injury
-Thermoregulation
Glands - ansspecialized cells that produce and secrete substances into ducts
Growth hormone (GH) - ansacts on epiphyseal plate to stimulate division of cartilage cells
How can you tell the difference between a first and second degree burn? - anssecond degree burn has blisters
while a first degree burn does not
How does skin resist trauma and infection? - ans-Skin has low pH to reduce bacteria and fungi
-Cells are packed closely together with tough protein called keratin
Albinism - ansgenetic lack of melanin
Apocrine glands - ansopen into hair follicles in anal region, groin, and armpits
Appendicular skeleton - ansappendages (bones of the upper and lower limbs and shoulder, hip bones)
Appositional growth - ansbone growth in diameter and thickness through growth of new tissue at the surface
Axial Skeleton - ansForms the long axis of the body (skull, vertebral column, rib cage)
Calcitonin - anssecreted by thyroid gland when blood calcium levels are too high
Calcitrol (vitamin D) - anspromotes intestinal calcium absorption, reduced excretion of calcium in urine
Canaliculi - anshair like canals that connect osteocytes within an osteon
Central canal - anssmall blood vessels and nerves that runs through each osteon
Closed (simple) Fracture - anscompletely internal
Compact bone - ansdense outer layer that looks smooth and solid
Complete fracture - ansbone is broken through
Cyanosis - ansblueness of skin due to deficiency of oxygen
,Define: Vasoconstriction - ansnarrowing of blood vessels, reduces heat loss
Define: Vasodilation - answidening of blood vessels, increases heat loss
Dendritic cells (functions and 2nd name) - ansmacrophages (big phagocytic cells) that kill microbes
Describe bone resorption? - ansOsteoclasts secrete lysosomal enzymes that digest the organic matrix and
metabolic acids that digest calcium salts (release calcium)
Describe the change in bone marrow as bones age? - ansRed bone marrow becomes yellow bone marrow that
can't produce blood cells
Describe the evolution of skin color - ansStrong correlation between skin color and strength of sunlight across
the globe; people in north evolved fair skin to absorb more UV light for vitamin D production, dark skin in
tropics to block out sun
Describe what happens during appositional growth - ansOsteoblasts in periosteum secrete bone matrix on
external surface of the bone
Osteoclasts on endosteal (internal) surface remove bone
- More buildup than broken down, bone gets thicker
Diaphysis - ansthe shaft of the long bone
Elastic cartilage (describe it and say where it is found) - ansvery flexible
Found: external ear
Endochondral ossification - answithin hyaline cartilage, forms most bones
, Endosteal - ansinternal surface of the bone
Endosteum - ansdelicate CT layer
Epiphysis - ansbone ends
Fibrocartilage - ansfibers give it strength
Found: interverbral discs
Fibrosis - answhen connective tissue is replaced by fibrous connective tissue (when it repairs itself), causes
scarring
Functions of the Integumentary System - ans-Resistance to trauma and infection
-Prevents loss or gain of water
-Vitamin D synthesis
-Sensory receptors for heat, cold, touch, texture, pressure, vibration, and tissue injury
-Thermoregulation
Glands - ansspecialized cells that produce and secrete substances into ducts
Growth hormone (GH) - ansacts on epiphyseal plate to stimulate division of cartilage cells
How can you tell the difference between a first and second degree burn? - anssecond degree burn has blisters
while a first degree burn does not
How does skin resist trauma and infection? - ans-Skin has low pH to reduce bacteria and fungi
-Cells are packed closely together with tough protein called keratin
