CPAER Navigation Exam Study Material+Questions
and Answers Verified 100%| 2024/2025 Update
Meridian
These are - ANSWER semi great circles that run north to south and join at the earth's
true poles
Semi because they run pole to pole
Prime meridian
The prime meridian - ANSWER 0 degrees longitude passes through greenwich england
(near london)
Meridian of longitude
Longitude is measured in
minutes to degrees to seconds - ANSWER Longitude is measured in
Degrees
Minutes
And seconds
There are 60 mins to a degree and 60 seconds to a minutes
Note that these are angular measures not times.
That said, one hour of time is equal to 15 degrees of longitude.
The earth rotates 15 degrees in an hour, one time zone.
Meridians of longitude are measure east of west of the prime meridia
Latitude
Parallels of latitude are measured - ANSWER north or south of the equator
,Like longitude, latitude is expressed in degrees, minutes and seconds.
1 minute equals 1 NM
60 minutes equals 1 degree
60 seconds equals 1 min of latitude
Equator
Line of latitude that is - ANSWER equal from each of the poles
The equator is both a great circle and rhumb line
The circumference of the equator is 24,000 miles.
Great circle
This is a circle on the surface whose plane will - ANSWER cut the sphere into two equal
places.
Rhumb line - ANSWER Curved lines on the earth that cut all meridians through which it
passes at the same angle
All parallels of latitude and rhumb lines, including the equator which is also a great
circle.
Rhumb lines offer the navigator the advantage of following a constant heading with the
disadvantage of not being the shortest distance between two points on the surface of
the globe
A straight line drawn on the transverse mercator projection will be a rhumb line.
Variation - ANSWER The magnetic poles do not occupy the same place as the geographic
poles
The magnetic meridian do not coincide to the meridians
The angle between the magnetic meridians and the true meridians is called magnetic
variation or magnetic declination.
,Compensating for variation - ANSWER To convert true to magnetic (nav log)
Add west subtract east (west is best east is least)
To convert magnetic to true (written exams)
Subtract west and add east
isogonic lines - ANSWER On a map dashed line that represent the same amount of
magnetic variation
They are not always straight due to the effects of localized differences in the earths
magnetic field so they bend and curve
Agonic line - ANSWER Is where the geographic pole and the magnetic pole line up giving
zero magnetic variation
There is one agonic line in each hemisphere
In the western hemisphere (at the moment as it does change over time) it lies just west
of thunder bay
If you are east of the agonic line then the variation is westerly
If you are west of the agonic line then the variation is easterly.
Deviation - ANSWER Due to the magnetic fields associated with metal and radio
equipment the aircraft compass may not point directly north.
The angle through which the compass needle is deflected from the magnetic meridian is
called deviation.
VFR nav chart VNC - ANSWER VFR flight in low to medium altitudes
Lambert conformal conic projection
Straight lines drawn on this are great circle
Scale is 1:500,000 or inch to 8SM
, VNC validity - ANSWER Validity dates are based on significant changes
When there are enough changes a new VNC is produced
On average they are updated every 2 years.
VFR terminal area chart VTA - ANSWER VFR flights at low alt
Transverse mercator projection
A straight line draw on these charts is a rhumb line
Scale is 1:250,000 or 1 inch to 4 SM
VTA validity - ANSWER Validity dates are based on changes
When there are enough changes, a new chart is produced.
On average, this chart is updated every 2 years.
LO chart - ANSWER IFR flights at low alt, for use below 18,000 feet asl
Lambert conformal conic projection
Scale varies chart to chart
Depicts radio aids, airports and other points of interest but no topographical features.
LO chart validity - ANSWER 56 days
Time zones and relation to longitude
The "mean solar day" is the - ANSWER interval between two successive passed of the
sun over a given meridian of longitude
Since the sun appear to travel a complete circle around earth everyday it can be said to
traverse 360 degrees of longitude per day
and Answers Verified 100%| 2024/2025 Update
Meridian
These are - ANSWER semi great circles that run north to south and join at the earth's
true poles
Semi because they run pole to pole
Prime meridian
The prime meridian - ANSWER 0 degrees longitude passes through greenwich england
(near london)
Meridian of longitude
Longitude is measured in
minutes to degrees to seconds - ANSWER Longitude is measured in
Degrees
Minutes
And seconds
There are 60 mins to a degree and 60 seconds to a minutes
Note that these are angular measures not times.
That said, one hour of time is equal to 15 degrees of longitude.
The earth rotates 15 degrees in an hour, one time zone.
Meridians of longitude are measure east of west of the prime meridia
Latitude
Parallels of latitude are measured - ANSWER north or south of the equator
,Like longitude, latitude is expressed in degrees, minutes and seconds.
1 minute equals 1 NM
60 minutes equals 1 degree
60 seconds equals 1 min of latitude
Equator
Line of latitude that is - ANSWER equal from each of the poles
The equator is both a great circle and rhumb line
The circumference of the equator is 24,000 miles.
Great circle
This is a circle on the surface whose plane will - ANSWER cut the sphere into two equal
places.
Rhumb line - ANSWER Curved lines on the earth that cut all meridians through which it
passes at the same angle
All parallels of latitude and rhumb lines, including the equator which is also a great
circle.
Rhumb lines offer the navigator the advantage of following a constant heading with the
disadvantage of not being the shortest distance between two points on the surface of
the globe
A straight line drawn on the transverse mercator projection will be a rhumb line.
Variation - ANSWER The magnetic poles do not occupy the same place as the geographic
poles
The magnetic meridian do not coincide to the meridians
The angle between the magnetic meridians and the true meridians is called magnetic
variation or magnetic declination.
,Compensating for variation - ANSWER To convert true to magnetic (nav log)
Add west subtract east (west is best east is least)
To convert magnetic to true (written exams)
Subtract west and add east
isogonic lines - ANSWER On a map dashed line that represent the same amount of
magnetic variation
They are not always straight due to the effects of localized differences in the earths
magnetic field so they bend and curve
Agonic line - ANSWER Is where the geographic pole and the magnetic pole line up giving
zero magnetic variation
There is one agonic line in each hemisphere
In the western hemisphere (at the moment as it does change over time) it lies just west
of thunder bay
If you are east of the agonic line then the variation is westerly
If you are west of the agonic line then the variation is easterly.
Deviation - ANSWER Due to the magnetic fields associated with metal and radio
equipment the aircraft compass may not point directly north.
The angle through which the compass needle is deflected from the magnetic meridian is
called deviation.
VFR nav chart VNC - ANSWER VFR flight in low to medium altitudes
Lambert conformal conic projection
Straight lines drawn on this are great circle
Scale is 1:500,000 or inch to 8SM
, VNC validity - ANSWER Validity dates are based on significant changes
When there are enough changes a new VNC is produced
On average they are updated every 2 years.
VFR terminal area chart VTA - ANSWER VFR flights at low alt
Transverse mercator projection
A straight line draw on these charts is a rhumb line
Scale is 1:250,000 or 1 inch to 4 SM
VTA validity - ANSWER Validity dates are based on changes
When there are enough changes, a new chart is produced.
On average, this chart is updated every 2 years.
LO chart - ANSWER IFR flights at low alt, for use below 18,000 feet asl
Lambert conformal conic projection
Scale varies chart to chart
Depicts radio aids, airports and other points of interest but no topographical features.
LO chart validity - ANSWER 56 days
Time zones and relation to longitude
The "mean solar day" is the - ANSWER interval between two successive passed of the
sun over a given meridian of longitude
Since the sun appear to travel a complete circle around earth everyday it can be said to
traverse 360 degrees of longitude per day
