ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
Mr. Forbes is being prepared for open heart surgery when he suffers a myocardial
infarction in which a large part of his left ventricle has suffered lethal cell injury.
Mr. Forbes' CPK-MB and LDH1, enzymes associated with myocardial cells, are
significantly elevated. What is the best explanation for this?
a. It is a sign that necrotic myocardial cells have released their cytoplasmic contents into
the blood.
b. It is a sign of reversible fatty accumulation in the myocardial cells
c. It is a sign that the myocardial cells are undergoing hypertrophy.
d. None of the above. - Answer-A
If a tissue specimen of myocardial cells were obtained for examination from Mr. Forbes,
which of the following findings would indicate irreversible cell injury?
a. cellular swelling
b. decreased ATP production
c. decreased intracellular calcium
d. dissolution of nuclear material - Answer-D
The accumulation of lactic acid that occurs with impaired energy production results from
which of the following?
a. increased intracellular glucose
b. increased anaerobic metabolism
c. decreased metabolic rate
d. increased oxidative phosphorylation - Answer-B
A mountain climber is stranded at 23,000 feet in the Swiss Alps and has lost all his
equipment and supplies in an avalanche. Subsequently, he suffers cell injury due to
impaired ATP production. The reason for the decrease in ATP is which of the following?
a. enzyme inhibition
b. uncoupling
c. hypoxia
d. none of the above - Answer-C
An elderly patient develops an obstruction in his left middle cerebral artery. The brain
tissue supplied by this artery becomes hypoxic. The best explanation for this is which of
the following?
a. the obstruction results in decreased blood flow
b. the obstruction results in decreased hemoglobin in the blood
c. while blood flow stays the same, the obstruction reduces oxygen content in the blood
d. none of the above explain the reason for the hypoxia - Answer-A
,Increased mobilization and delivery of free fatty acids to liver cells can result in fat
accumulation. Which of the following problems results in increased mobilization of free
fatty acids?
a. anemia
b. hepatic toxins
c. starvation
d. hypoxia - Answer-C
Generalized hypoxia results in a switch to anaerobic metabolism in cells. Anaerobic
metabolism results in which of the following?
a. decreased lactic acid inside cells
b. decreased arterial pH
c. more effective ATP production
d. increased pH inside cells - Answer-B
There is a disease of the spleen, which results in an excessive destruction of RBCs.
This increase in RBC destruction can lead to which of the following?
a. hypoxia
b. hypobilirubinemia
c. an increase in platelets
d. all of the above - Answer-A
Your body has developed an increased demand for thyroid hormones. This will lead to
____________ of the thyroid gland.
a. atrophy
b. hypertrophy
c. dysplasia
d. metaplasia - Answer-B
You palpate a gangrenous leg and note the presence of crepitus. Crepitus is associated
with which of the following?
a. wet gangrene
b. dry gangrene
c. gas gangrene
d. all of the above - Answer-C
Direct cell membrane destruction may result from which of the following?
a. complement activation
b. bacterial enzymes
c. free radicals
d. all of the above - Answer-D
Which of the following is true regarding apoptosis?
a. It occurrence may be physiological or pathological.
b. It does not stimulate the inflammatory process.
c. It results in phagocytosis of the apoptotic cell.
, d. all of the above. - Answer-D
Insufficient blood flow to a part of the body is defined as:
a. hypoxia.
b. hypoxemia.
c. necrosis.
d. ischemia. - Answer-D
A cellular change, which is often precancerous, is called:
a. hyperplasia.
b. metaplasia.
c. dysplasia.
d. hypertrophy. - Answer-C
Which of the following changes is indicative of irreversible cell injury?
a. sodium influx into the cytoplasm
b. glycolysis (anaerobic metabolism)
c. detachment of ribosomes from rough endoplasmic reticulum
d. release of lysosomal enzymes - Answer-D
Which of the following best describes reperfusion injury?
a. The increased blood pressure in the area of reperfusion causes rupture of small
arterioles and release of free radicals.
b. The return of blood flow to the area results in a burst of free radical production from
neutrophils that accumulated in the area.
c. Reperfusion injury results from restoration of the function of the sodium-potassium
pump.
d. Reperfusion of the area results in apoptosis of the previously ischemic cells. -
Answer-B
Which of the following best describes free radicals?
a. stable molecules not normally found in the body, but introduced exogenously during
ischemia
b. unstable molecules that are normal products of oxidative metabolism and are
removed by endogenous antioxidants
c. stable molecules that have an affinity for iron in the cytoplasm of the cell
d. none of the above - Answer-B
The usual fate of apoptotic cells is which of the following?
a. metaplastic transformation
b. calcification
c. hypertrophy
d. phagocytosis
e. neoplastic transformation - Answer-D
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
Mr. Forbes is being prepared for open heart surgery when he suffers a myocardial
infarction in which a large part of his left ventricle has suffered lethal cell injury.
Mr. Forbes' CPK-MB and LDH1, enzymes associated with myocardial cells, are
significantly elevated. What is the best explanation for this?
a. It is a sign that necrotic myocardial cells have released their cytoplasmic contents into
the blood.
b. It is a sign of reversible fatty accumulation in the myocardial cells
c. It is a sign that the myocardial cells are undergoing hypertrophy.
d. None of the above. - Answer-A
If a tissue specimen of myocardial cells were obtained for examination from Mr. Forbes,
which of the following findings would indicate irreversible cell injury?
a. cellular swelling
b. decreased ATP production
c. decreased intracellular calcium
d. dissolution of nuclear material - Answer-D
The accumulation of lactic acid that occurs with impaired energy production results from
which of the following?
a. increased intracellular glucose
b. increased anaerobic metabolism
c. decreased metabolic rate
d. increased oxidative phosphorylation - Answer-B
A mountain climber is stranded at 23,000 feet in the Swiss Alps and has lost all his
equipment and supplies in an avalanche. Subsequently, he suffers cell injury due to
impaired ATP production. The reason for the decrease in ATP is which of the following?
a. enzyme inhibition
b. uncoupling
c. hypoxia
d. none of the above - Answer-C
An elderly patient develops an obstruction in his left middle cerebral artery. The brain
tissue supplied by this artery becomes hypoxic. The best explanation for this is which of
the following?
a. the obstruction results in decreased blood flow
b. the obstruction results in decreased hemoglobin in the blood
c. while blood flow stays the same, the obstruction reduces oxygen content in the blood
d. none of the above explain the reason for the hypoxia - Answer-A
,Increased mobilization and delivery of free fatty acids to liver cells can result in fat
accumulation. Which of the following problems results in increased mobilization of free
fatty acids?
a. anemia
b. hepatic toxins
c. starvation
d. hypoxia - Answer-C
Generalized hypoxia results in a switch to anaerobic metabolism in cells. Anaerobic
metabolism results in which of the following?
a. decreased lactic acid inside cells
b. decreased arterial pH
c. more effective ATP production
d. increased pH inside cells - Answer-B
There is a disease of the spleen, which results in an excessive destruction of RBCs.
This increase in RBC destruction can lead to which of the following?
a. hypoxia
b. hypobilirubinemia
c. an increase in platelets
d. all of the above - Answer-A
Your body has developed an increased demand for thyroid hormones. This will lead to
____________ of the thyroid gland.
a. atrophy
b. hypertrophy
c. dysplasia
d. metaplasia - Answer-B
You palpate a gangrenous leg and note the presence of crepitus. Crepitus is associated
with which of the following?
a. wet gangrene
b. dry gangrene
c. gas gangrene
d. all of the above - Answer-C
Direct cell membrane destruction may result from which of the following?
a. complement activation
b. bacterial enzymes
c. free radicals
d. all of the above - Answer-D
Which of the following is true regarding apoptosis?
a. It occurrence may be physiological or pathological.
b. It does not stimulate the inflammatory process.
c. It results in phagocytosis of the apoptotic cell.
, d. all of the above. - Answer-D
Insufficient blood flow to a part of the body is defined as:
a. hypoxia.
b. hypoxemia.
c. necrosis.
d. ischemia. - Answer-D
A cellular change, which is often precancerous, is called:
a. hyperplasia.
b. metaplasia.
c. dysplasia.
d. hypertrophy. - Answer-C
Which of the following changes is indicative of irreversible cell injury?
a. sodium influx into the cytoplasm
b. glycolysis (anaerobic metabolism)
c. detachment of ribosomes from rough endoplasmic reticulum
d. release of lysosomal enzymes - Answer-D
Which of the following best describes reperfusion injury?
a. The increased blood pressure in the area of reperfusion causes rupture of small
arterioles and release of free radicals.
b. The return of blood flow to the area results in a burst of free radical production from
neutrophils that accumulated in the area.
c. Reperfusion injury results from restoration of the function of the sodium-potassium
pump.
d. Reperfusion of the area results in apoptosis of the previously ischemic cells. -
Answer-B
Which of the following best describes free radicals?
a. stable molecules not normally found in the body, but introduced exogenously during
ischemia
b. unstable molecules that are normal products of oxidative metabolism and are
removed by endogenous antioxidants
c. stable molecules that have an affinity for iron in the cytoplasm of the cell
d. none of the above - Answer-B
The usual fate of apoptotic cells is which of the following?
a. metaplastic transformation
b. calcification
c. hypertrophy
d. phagocytosis
e. neoplastic transformation - Answer-D
