6531 FINAL EXAM 1 NURSING
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT
QUESTIONS & VERIFIED ANSWERS
2024/2025
Slime Layer - ANS✔✔---- a loose shield that protects some bacteria from loss of
water and nutrients (biofilm)
-- not attached, anything else can come share, can swim away
-- protection, from drying, antibiotics, phagocytosis
Biofilm Basics - ANS✔✔---- slime layer + bacteria
-- mixed communities of bacteria and other microbes that are attached to a surface and
each other
-- form a multilayer of conglomerate of cells and intracellular material
-- quorum sensing: interact with members of the same species as well as members of
other species that are close by, chemical communication
Peptidoglycan Components - ANS✔✔---- unique to prokaryots
--repeating framework of long glycan (sugar) chains cross-linked by short peptide
(protein) fragments
-- N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) & N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM), pentapeptide extends
from NAM
-- provides strength to resist rupturing due to osmotic pressure
-- helps with shape
Prokaryotes - ANS✔✔---- bacteria
-- no nucleus and generally no other membrane bound organelles
-- possess prokaryotic 70s ribosomes
-- divide by binary fission
-- size in mm
Eukaryotes - ANS✔✔---- animals, plants, fungi, and protozoa
-- contain membrane bound organelles that perform useful functions, a nucleus!
-- ribosomes are 80s
Virus - ANS✔✔---- not living, nucleic acid and a protein coating
-- obligate parasites: infects other (appropriate) cells to replicate then hijacks host
enzyme systems, cannot live outside another cell
-- ~100 nm
,Microbiology - ANS✔✔--the study of living things too small to be seen without
magnification, microorganisms
Virology - ANS✔✔--focus on viruses
Mycology - ANS✔✔--focus on fungi and yeasts
Parasitology - ANS✔✔--focus on worms, protozoa, amoeba, parasites
Pasteur - ANS✔✔--came up with The Germ Theory of Disease
binomial nomenclature - ANS✔✔---- standardized nomenclature allows scientists
from all over the world to exchange information
-- the generic (genus) name followed by the species name
-- generic part is capitalized, species is lowercase
-- both are italicized or underlined if italics aren't available
-- viruses don't have
Defined Media - ANS✔✔---- small amounts of basic ingredients, hardy bacteria can
grow
-- compositions precisely chemically defined
-- contain pure organic and inorganic compounds that vary little from one source to
another
-- molecular content by exact formula
Complex Media - ANS✔✔---- used clinically, a lot of nutrients
-- at least one ingredient that is not chemically definable
-- extracts of animals, plants, or yeasts
-- blood, serum, meat extracts, or infusions
-- present a rich mixture of nutrients for microbes that have complex nutritional needs
Selective Property - ANS✔✔---- add something to the media that inhibits somethings
and allow others to grow
-- contains one or more agents that inhibit the growth of certain microbes but not others
-- can have selective and differential media combined
Differential Property - ANS✔✔---- adding something that allows everything to grow
but makes them look different
-- allow multiple types of microorganisms to grow but display visible differences among
those microorganisms
-- can have selective and differential media combined
General Purpose Media - ANS✔✔---- to grow as broad a spectrum of microbes as
possible
, -- always complex
-- contain a mixture of nutrients to support a variety of microbes
(-- TSA)
Enriched Media - ANS✔✔---- general +extras
-- for fastidious organisms
-- contain complex organic substances (blood, serum, growth factors) to support the
growth of fastidious (picky) bacteria
Pure Culture - ANS✔✔--a container of medium that grows only a single known
species or type of microorganism, everything on the plate is the same
Colony - ANS✔✔--a group of organisms, genetically identical, derived from a single
or small clump of organisms
Aseptic Technique - ANS✔✔---- whatever's on your swab is the only thing that gets in
the media
-- whatever's on your swab doesn't get anywhere else but in the media
Microbial Size - ANS✔✔---- viruses, nanometers/nm 10^-9m
-- bacteria, micometer/um 10^-6m
-- protozoa and algae, milimeter/mm 10^-3m
-- fungi, milimeter/mm 10^-3m
Brightfield Microscopy - ANS✔✔--gram, spore, and acid fast
Darkfield Microscopy - ANS✔✔--florescent
Phase Contrast Microscopy - ANS✔✔--
Fastidious - ANS✔✔--will only grow when specific nutrients are included in its diet
Gram Stains - ANS✔✔---- most universal diagnostic staining technique for bacteria
-- differentiation of microbes as gram positive(purple) or gram negative (red)
--positive stain
Spore Stain - ANS✔✔---- dye is forced by heat into resistant bodies called spores or
endospores
-- distinguishes between the spores (green) and the cells they come from, the
vegetative cells (pink)
-- significant in medical microbiology
--positive stain
Acid-Fast Stain - ANS✔✔---- important diagnostic stain
-- differentiates acid-fast bacteria (pink) from non-acid-fast bacteria (blue)
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT
QUESTIONS & VERIFIED ANSWERS
2024/2025
Slime Layer - ANS✔✔---- a loose shield that protects some bacteria from loss of
water and nutrients (biofilm)
-- not attached, anything else can come share, can swim away
-- protection, from drying, antibiotics, phagocytosis
Biofilm Basics - ANS✔✔---- slime layer + bacteria
-- mixed communities of bacteria and other microbes that are attached to a surface and
each other
-- form a multilayer of conglomerate of cells and intracellular material
-- quorum sensing: interact with members of the same species as well as members of
other species that are close by, chemical communication
Peptidoglycan Components - ANS✔✔---- unique to prokaryots
--repeating framework of long glycan (sugar) chains cross-linked by short peptide
(protein) fragments
-- N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) & N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM), pentapeptide extends
from NAM
-- provides strength to resist rupturing due to osmotic pressure
-- helps with shape
Prokaryotes - ANS✔✔---- bacteria
-- no nucleus and generally no other membrane bound organelles
-- possess prokaryotic 70s ribosomes
-- divide by binary fission
-- size in mm
Eukaryotes - ANS✔✔---- animals, plants, fungi, and protozoa
-- contain membrane bound organelles that perform useful functions, a nucleus!
-- ribosomes are 80s
Virus - ANS✔✔---- not living, nucleic acid and a protein coating
-- obligate parasites: infects other (appropriate) cells to replicate then hijacks host
enzyme systems, cannot live outside another cell
-- ~100 nm
,Microbiology - ANS✔✔--the study of living things too small to be seen without
magnification, microorganisms
Virology - ANS✔✔--focus on viruses
Mycology - ANS✔✔--focus on fungi and yeasts
Parasitology - ANS✔✔--focus on worms, protozoa, amoeba, parasites
Pasteur - ANS✔✔--came up with The Germ Theory of Disease
binomial nomenclature - ANS✔✔---- standardized nomenclature allows scientists
from all over the world to exchange information
-- the generic (genus) name followed by the species name
-- generic part is capitalized, species is lowercase
-- both are italicized or underlined if italics aren't available
-- viruses don't have
Defined Media - ANS✔✔---- small amounts of basic ingredients, hardy bacteria can
grow
-- compositions precisely chemically defined
-- contain pure organic and inorganic compounds that vary little from one source to
another
-- molecular content by exact formula
Complex Media - ANS✔✔---- used clinically, a lot of nutrients
-- at least one ingredient that is not chemically definable
-- extracts of animals, plants, or yeasts
-- blood, serum, meat extracts, or infusions
-- present a rich mixture of nutrients for microbes that have complex nutritional needs
Selective Property - ANS✔✔---- add something to the media that inhibits somethings
and allow others to grow
-- contains one or more agents that inhibit the growth of certain microbes but not others
-- can have selective and differential media combined
Differential Property - ANS✔✔---- adding something that allows everything to grow
but makes them look different
-- allow multiple types of microorganisms to grow but display visible differences among
those microorganisms
-- can have selective and differential media combined
General Purpose Media - ANS✔✔---- to grow as broad a spectrum of microbes as
possible
, -- always complex
-- contain a mixture of nutrients to support a variety of microbes
(-- TSA)
Enriched Media - ANS✔✔---- general +extras
-- for fastidious organisms
-- contain complex organic substances (blood, serum, growth factors) to support the
growth of fastidious (picky) bacteria
Pure Culture - ANS✔✔--a container of medium that grows only a single known
species or type of microorganism, everything on the plate is the same
Colony - ANS✔✔--a group of organisms, genetically identical, derived from a single
or small clump of organisms
Aseptic Technique - ANS✔✔---- whatever's on your swab is the only thing that gets in
the media
-- whatever's on your swab doesn't get anywhere else but in the media
Microbial Size - ANS✔✔---- viruses, nanometers/nm 10^-9m
-- bacteria, micometer/um 10^-6m
-- protozoa and algae, milimeter/mm 10^-3m
-- fungi, milimeter/mm 10^-3m
Brightfield Microscopy - ANS✔✔--gram, spore, and acid fast
Darkfield Microscopy - ANS✔✔--florescent
Phase Contrast Microscopy - ANS✔✔--
Fastidious - ANS✔✔--will only grow when specific nutrients are included in its diet
Gram Stains - ANS✔✔---- most universal diagnostic staining technique for bacteria
-- differentiation of microbes as gram positive(purple) or gram negative (red)
--positive stain
Spore Stain - ANS✔✔---- dye is forced by heat into resistant bodies called spores or
endospores
-- distinguishes between the spores (green) and the cells they come from, the
vegetative cells (pink)
-- significant in medical microbiology
--positive stain
Acid-Fast Stain - ANS✔✔---- important diagnostic stain
-- differentiates acid-fast bacteria (pink) from non-acid-fast bacteria (blue)
