NU 424: Neuro Exam Latest Update
Parts of the brain - ANSWER -cerebrum: right and left
-diencephalon
-brainstem: midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
-cerebellum
Cerebrum - ANSWER -composed of 2 hemispheres/4 lobes
-frontal: high level cognition, voluntary muscle movement, personality, speech
-parietal: sensation
-temporal: sensory functions, learning, memory, emotion, language
-occipital: visual processing
Brainstem - ANSWER -made up of three portions
-midbrain
-pons
-medulla
Functions of the brain stem - ANSWER -controls cardiac & respiratory function
-area where 10 of the cranial nerves originate
-controls secretory & motor functions of GI tract
-controls sensory functions of hearing & taste
Diencephalon - ANSWER -division of the cerebrum
-thalamus: relay center, pain sensation, reticular activating system (RAS) controlling
wakefulness
-hypothalamus: sympathetic and parasympathetic NS, temperature, appetite, and ADH
regulation
Cerebellum - ANSWER -muscle movement
-equilibrium
-coordination
,Meninges - ANSWER -CNS is covered by a 3 layer lining called this
-pia mater: inner layer
-arachnoid: middle layer, vascular supply
-dura mater: outer thickest layer
Subarachnoid space - ANSWER -meninges
-the area b/t the pia and the arachnoid layers
-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulates here
-contains the cerebral vascular structure
Subdural space - ANSWER -meninges
-the area b/t the arachnoid and the dura mater
Epidural space - ANSWER -meninges
-the area b/t the dura mater and the skull
Cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) - ANSWER -made in the ventricles
-clear & odorless
-clear fluid/ constantly circulates
-function: cushion & protect the brain & spinal cord, provide nourishment to neural cells
& remove waste
-consists of glucose and a trace of protein and electrolytes
-continuously produced and reabsorbed
Assessment - ANSWER -history
-orientation to person, place, time
-glasgow coma scale
-LOC:
1. alert: normal
2. awake: oriented after arousal
3. lethargic
4. obtunded
, Lethargic - ANSWER -LOC
-drowsy but able to answer questions and follow simple commands
Obtunded - ANSWER -LOC
-arousable only to stimulation
-simple word answers and follows more simple commands
Stuporous - ANSWER -LOC
-arouses to vigorous stimulation
-may follow simple commands or use simple words
-immediately becomes unresponsive when not stimulated
Semi comatose - ANSWER -LOC
-purposeful movement to stimulation
-no other response
Comatose - ANSWER -LOC
-may posture or otherwise have no response
Glasgow coma scale - ANSWER -best eye response
-best verbal response
-best motor response
-13-15: mild head injury
-9-12: moderate head injury
-3-8: severe head injury
Pupillary assessment - ANSWER -evaluated for size, shape, equality
-if accommodation cannot be assessed, use PERRL
-causes of pinpoint pupils: opiates, damage to the pons (bad)
-causes of dilated pupils: fear/fight or flight, seizures, stimulants
5-15 mm Hg - ANSWER normal pressure in the cranial vault
Causes of inc ICP - ANSWER -edema / tumors / abcesses
-mass
Parts of the brain - ANSWER -cerebrum: right and left
-diencephalon
-brainstem: midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
-cerebellum
Cerebrum - ANSWER -composed of 2 hemispheres/4 lobes
-frontal: high level cognition, voluntary muscle movement, personality, speech
-parietal: sensation
-temporal: sensory functions, learning, memory, emotion, language
-occipital: visual processing
Brainstem - ANSWER -made up of three portions
-midbrain
-pons
-medulla
Functions of the brain stem - ANSWER -controls cardiac & respiratory function
-area where 10 of the cranial nerves originate
-controls secretory & motor functions of GI tract
-controls sensory functions of hearing & taste
Diencephalon - ANSWER -division of the cerebrum
-thalamus: relay center, pain sensation, reticular activating system (RAS) controlling
wakefulness
-hypothalamus: sympathetic and parasympathetic NS, temperature, appetite, and ADH
regulation
Cerebellum - ANSWER -muscle movement
-equilibrium
-coordination
,Meninges - ANSWER -CNS is covered by a 3 layer lining called this
-pia mater: inner layer
-arachnoid: middle layer, vascular supply
-dura mater: outer thickest layer
Subarachnoid space - ANSWER -meninges
-the area b/t the pia and the arachnoid layers
-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulates here
-contains the cerebral vascular structure
Subdural space - ANSWER -meninges
-the area b/t the arachnoid and the dura mater
Epidural space - ANSWER -meninges
-the area b/t the dura mater and the skull
Cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) - ANSWER -made in the ventricles
-clear & odorless
-clear fluid/ constantly circulates
-function: cushion & protect the brain & spinal cord, provide nourishment to neural cells
& remove waste
-consists of glucose and a trace of protein and electrolytes
-continuously produced and reabsorbed
Assessment - ANSWER -history
-orientation to person, place, time
-glasgow coma scale
-LOC:
1. alert: normal
2. awake: oriented after arousal
3. lethargic
4. obtunded
, Lethargic - ANSWER -LOC
-drowsy but able to answer questions and follow simple commands
Obtunded - ANSWER -LOC
-arousable only to stimulation
-simple word answers and follows more simple commands
Stuporous - ANSWER -LOC
-arouses to vigorous stimulation
-may follow simple commands or use simple words
-immediately becomes unresponsive when not stimulated
Semi comatose - ANSWER -LOC
-purposeful movement to stimulation
-no other response
Comatose - ANSWER -LOC
-may posture or otherwise have no response
Glasgow coma scale - ANSWER -best eye response
-best verbal response
-best motor response
-13-15: mild head injury
-9-12: moderate head injury
-3-8: severe head injury
Pupillary assessment - ANSWER -evaluated for size, shape, equality
-if accommodation cannot be assessed, use PERRL
-causes of pinpoint pupils: opiates, damage to the pons (bad)
-causes of dilated pupils: fear/fight or flight, seizures, stimulants
5-15 mm Hg - ANSWER normal pressure in the cranial vault
Causes of inc ICP - ANSWER -edema / tumors / abcesses
-mass
