PSYC 140 Developmental Psychology
Module 1 Exam Questions with Correct
Detailed Answers || Already Graded A+
<Latest Version>
Portage Learning
1. Lifespan Development - ANSWER ✔ Study of changes from conception to
death.
2. Factors of lifespan development - ANSWER ✔ 1. lifelong
multidirectional
multidisciplinary
multidimensional (biological, social, emotional, cognitive, moral)
3. Physical Changes - ANSWER ✔ Alterations in body structure and function.
4. Cognitive Changes - ANSWER ✔ Shifts in thinking, memory, and problem-
solving.
5. Emotional Changes - ANSWER ✔ Variations in feelings and emotional
responses.
6. Prenatal Development - ANSWER ✔ Development occurring from
conception to birth.
7. Infancy and Toddlerhood - ANSWER ✔ Developmental stage from birth to
2 years.
8. Early Childhood - ANSWER ✔ Developmental stage from 2 to 6 years.
9. Middle Childhood - ANSWER ✔ Developmental stage from 6 to 12 years.
,10.Adolescence - ANSWER ✔ Developmental stage from 12 to 18 years.
11.Early Adulthood - ANSWER ✔ Developmental stage from 18 to 40 years.
12.Middle Adulthood - ANSWER ✔ Developmental stage from 40 to 65 years.
13.Late Adulthood - ANSWER ✔ Developmental stage from 65 years onward.
14.Lifelong Development - ANSWER ✔ Development continues throughout
the entire lifespan.
15.Multidirectional Development - ANSWER ✔ Changes can be positive,
negative, or both.
16.Aging - ANSWER ✔ Process of becoming older, typically in adults.
17.Maturation - ANSWER ✔ Advancement in physical, cognitive, or emotional
aspects.
18.Describe the correlational and experimental research designs. Discuss the
strengths and weaknesses of each design. - ANSWER ✔ • Correlational:
Observe variables as they exist in the world and determine their relations.
Strength: Behavior is measured as it occurs naturally.
Weakness: Cannot determine cause and effect.
• Experimental: Manipulate independent variable and determine
effect on dependent variable.
Strength: Control of variables allows conclusions about cause and
effect.
Weakness: Work is often laboratory-based, which can be artificial.
19.Describe longitudinal and cross-sectional research designs. What are
strengths and weaknesses of each design? - ANSWER ✔ • Longitudinal:
One group of children is tested repeatedly as they develop.
Strength: Only way to chart an individual's development and look at
the stability of behavior
over time.
, Weakness: Expensive, participants drop out, and repeated testing can
distort performance.
• Cross-sectional: Children of different ages are tested at the
same time.
Strength: Convenient, inexpensive, don't have participant drop-out
because they're seen at only one time, don't have repeated testing
effects.
Weakness: Cannot study stability of behavior; cohort effects
complicate interpretation of differences between groups.
20.Describe the four key guidelines of ethical research. - ANSWER ✔ •
Minimize risks to research participants.
• Describe the research to potential participants so they can
determine whether they wish to participate.
Obtain informed consent.
• Avoid deception. If participants must be deceived, provide a
thorough explanation of the true nature of the research as soon
as possible (debriefing).
• Keep results anonymous (no names gathered) or confidential
(names are gathered, but not reported).
21.Do you believe that the potential benefits to research justify the use of
deception by the researcher? Support your answer. - ANSWER ✔ • Against:
People who are deceived may not trust another researcher and they may be
unwilling to participate in future research projects.
• Against: If participants find out that they were deceived their
data may be distorted.
• For: Deception is okay if any false information given to
participants is corrected and a rationale for the deception is
given.
• For: Sometimes deception is necessary. For example, studies
that examine honesty, sharing, and aggression may need to
use deception because full-knowledge of the purpose of the
study may change participants' behaviors.
22.Your sister Kumi is having problems with her 2-year-old daughter. Your
niece, Kayla, has been throwing tantrums to get her own way. As you watch
Kumi and Kayla interact, you see that Kumi will say "no" to Kayla, Kayla
will scream and cry, and then Kumi will give in to her. What can you tell
, Kumi about the principles of operant conditioning that might help her deal
with the situation? - ANSWER ✔ You should tell Kumi that reinforcement
is a consequence that increases the future likelihood of the behavior that it
follows. Reinforcers can include food, candy, toys, or getting your own way.
By giving in to Kayla, Kumi is reinforcing her tantrums and increasing the
likelihood that Kayla will throw another tantrum. Instead, Kumi should be
punishing Kayla's tantrums because punishment decreases the likelihood that
a behavior will be repeated. Punishments can include things such as being
sent to one's room, having privileges taken away, or having a toy taken
away. So, Kumi should stop reinforcing Kayla's tantrums by giving in to her.
23.Your friends have a new baby girl named Kaycee and they have told you
that they can't wait to raise her because they will create a wonderful
environment that Kaycee will love. For example, they will never let Kaycee
watch worthless shows on television, and she will love to read because they
will read to her all the time when she is a baby. What can you tell your
friends about the issue of the child being active versus passive in her
development? - ANSWER ✔ According to John Locke, a child is a blank
slate on which experiences in the environment are written. Locke's view is
consistent with the view of the child who is passive in her development.
Your friends also seem to be taking the view that Kaycee will be the passive
recipient of the environment that they structure for her. In reality, children
often are active in influencing and interpreting their worlds. For example,
Kaycee may not sit still when they read to her so they will eventually stop
trying. Also, Kaycee may prefer playing catch and kicking a soccer ball to
sitting and reading.
24.One day you and a friend are talking and your friend states, "Development is
the result of the genes that you inherit, and those genes put you on a
developmental path that stays the same throughout your life." What can you
tell your friend about the issues of nature versus nurture and continuity
versus discontinuity? - ANSWER ✔ You can tell your friend that both
nature and nurture interact with each other to influence development. So,
your friend's idea that genes are the only important influence on
development is wrong. Almost all aspects of development are shaped by
both heredity and environment. Also, the developmental path that one is on
is not completely rigid and fixed as your friend thinks. Early behavior does
not predict later behavior perfectly so a child who is a brat may actually
grow up to be a nice adult.
Module 1 Exam Questions with Correct
Detailed Answers || Already Graded A+
<Latest Version>
Portage Learning
1. Lifespan Development - ANSWER ✔ Study of changes from conception to
death.
2. Factors of lifespan development - ANSWER ✔ 1. lifelong
multidirectional
multidisciplinary
multidimensional (biological, social, emotional, cognitive, moral)
3. Physical Changes - ANSWER ✔ Alterations in body structure and function.
4. Cognitive Changes - ANSWER ✔ Shifts in thinking, memory, and problem-
solving.
5. Emotional Changes - ANSWER ✔ Variations in feelings and emotional
responses.
6. Prenatal Development - ANSWER ✔ Development occurring from
conception to birth.
7. Infancy and Toddlerhood - ANSWER ✔ Developmental stage from birth to
2 years.
8. Early Childhood - ANSWER ✔ Developmental stage from 2 to 6 years.
9. Middle Childhood - ANSWER ✔ Developmental stage from 6 to 12 years.
,10.Adolescence - ANSWER ✔ Developmental stage from 12 to 18 years.
11.Early Adulthood - ANSWER ✔ Developmental stage from 18 to 40 years.
12.Middle Adulthood - ANSWER ✔ Developmental stage from 40 to 65 years.
13.Late Adulthood - ANSWER ✔ Developmental stage from 65 years onward.
14.Lifelong Development - ANSWER ✔ Development continues throughout
the entire lifespan.
15.Multidirectional Development - ANSWER ✔ Changes can be positive,
negative, or both.
16.Aging - ANSWER ✔ Process of becoming older, typically in adults.
17.Maturation - ANSWER ✔ Advancement in physical, cognitive, or emotional
aspects.
18.Describe the correlational and experimental research designs. Discuss the
strengths and weaknesses of each design. - ANSWER ✔ • Correlational:
Observe variables as they exist in the world and determine their relations.
Strength: Behavior is measured as it occurs naturally.
Weakness: Cannot determine cause and effect.
• Experimental: Manipulate independent variable and determine
effect on dependent variable.
Strength: Control of variables allows conclusions about cause and
effect.
Weakness: Work is often laboratory-based, which can be artificial.
19.Describe longitudinal and cross-sectional research designs. What are
strengths and weaknesses of each design? - ANSWER ✔ • Longitudinal:
One group of children is tested repeatedly as they develop.
Strength: Only way to chart an individual's development and look at
the stability of behavior
over time.
, Weakness: Expensive, participants drop out, and repeated testing can
distort performance.
• Cross-sectional: Children of different ages are tested at the
same time.
Strength: Convenient, inexpensive, don't have participant drop-out
because they're seen at only one time, don't have repeated testing
effects.
Weakness: Cannot study stability of behavior; cohort effects
complicate interpretation of differences between groups.
20.Describe the four key guidelines of ethical research. - ANSWER ✔ •
Minimize risks to research participants.
• Describe the research to potential participants so they can
determine whether they wish to participate.
Obtain informed consent.
• Avoid deception. If participants must be deceived, provide a
thorough explanation of the true nature of the research as soon
as possible (debriefing).
• Keep results anonymous (no names gathered) or confidential
(names are gathered, but not reported).
21.Do you believe that the potential benefits to research justify the use of
deception by the researcher? Support your answer. - ANSWER ✔ • Against:
People who are deceived may not trust another researcher and they may be
unwilling to participate in future research projects.
• Against: If participants find out that they were deceived their
data may be distorted.
• For: Deception is okay if any false information given to
participants is corrected and a rationale for the deception is
given.
• For: Sometimes deception is necessary. For example, studies
that examine honesty, sharing, and aggression may need to
use deception because full-knowledge of the purpose of the
study may change participants' behaviors.
22.Your sister Kumi is having problems with her 2-year-old daughter. Your
niece, Kayla, has been throwing tantrums to get her own way. As you watch
Kumi and Kayla interact, you see that Kumi will say "no" to Kayla, Kayla
will scream and cry, and then Kumi will give in to her. What can you tell
, Kumi about the principles of operant conditioning that might help her deal
with the situation? - ANSWER ✔ You should tell Kumi that reinforcement
is a consequence that increases the future likelihood of the behavior that it
follows. Reinforcers can include food, candy, toys, or getting your own way.
By giving in to Kayla, Kumi is reinforcing her tantrums and increasing the
likelihood that Kayla will throw another tantrum. Instead, Kumi should be
punishing Kayla's tantrums because punishment decreases the likelihood that
a behavior will be repeated. Punishments can include things such as being
sent to one's room, having privileges taken away, or having a toy taken
away. So, Kumi should stop reinforcing Kayla's tantrums by giving in to her.
23.Your friends have a new baby girl named Kaycee and they have told you
that they can't wait to raise her because they will create a wonderful
environment that Kaycee will love. For example, they will never let Kaycee
watch worthless shows on television, and she will love to read because they
will read to her all the time when she is a baby. What can you tell your
friends about the issue of the child being active versus passive in her
development? - ANSWER ✔ According to John Locke, a child is a blank
slate on which experiences in the environment are written. Locke's view is
consistent with the view of the child who is passive in her development.
Your friends also seem to be taking the view that Kaycee will be the passive
recipient of the environment that they structure for her. In reality, children
often are active in influencing and interpreting their worlds. For example,
Kaycee may not sit still when they read to her so they will eventually stop
trying. Also, Kaycee may prefer playing catch and kicking a soccer ball to
sitting and reading.
24.One day you and a friend are talking and your friend states, "Development is
the result of the genes that you inherit, and those genes put you on a
developmental path that stays the same throughout your life." What can you
tell your friend about the issues of nature versus nurture and continuity
versus discontinuity? - ANSWER ✔ You can tell your friend that both
nature and nurture interact with each other to influence development. So,
your friend's idea that genes are the only important influence on
development is wrong. Almost all aspects of development are shaped by
both heredity and environment. Also, the developmental path that one is on
is not completely rigid and fixed as your friend thinks. Early behavior does
not predict later behavior perfectly so a child who is a brat may actually
grow up to be a nice adult.
