Openstax Microbiology Chapter 11 Exam Questions and Answers Latest Update 2025 Graded A+
Transcription - Answers synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template
Translation - Answers Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced
semiconservative model - Answers the two strands of the parental molecule separate, and each
functions as a template for synthesis of a new, complementary strand
E.coli's entire chromosome can be replicated in - Answers 42 minutes
The DNA replication process requires - Answers Energy, Enzymes, and proteins
DNA pol I - Answers removes RNA primer and replaces with newly synthesized DNA
DNA Pol III - Answers Main enzyme that adds nucleotides in the 5' - 3' direction
Helicase - Answers Opens the DNA helix by breaking hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous bases
Ligase - Answers Seals the gaps between the Okazaki fragments to create one continuous DNA strand
Primase - Answers Synthesizes RNA primers needed to start replication
Single-stranded Binding Proteins - Answers bind to and stabilize single-stranded DNA to prevent
hydrogen bonding from rewinding back.
Sliding Clamp - Answers Helps to hold the DNA polymerase in place when nucleotides are being added.
Topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) - Answers helps relieve the stress on DNA when unwinding, by causing
breaks and then resealing the DNA.
Where does DNA replication begin? - Answers origin of replication
Replication Fork - Answers DNA opens up to this Y shaped structure
DNA Pol III can only add nucleotides in which direction - Answers 5' to 3' direction. It requires a free e' -
OH group
On which strand is RNA primer used on - Answers The lagging strand
How many nucleotides can be added in a second - Answers 1000
What enzyme removes the RNA primers and replaces it with newly synthesized DNA? - Answers DNA Pol
I
Which enzyme is used to bind DNA fragments together? - Answers DNA ligase
Termination - Answers Following replication in prokaryotes the circular genomes are interlocked and
must be separated from one another.
, What enzyme produces a break in double stranded DNA to separate genomes after prokaryotic
replication? - Answers topoisomerase IV
Quinolones - Answers An antimicrobial drug that targets bacterial DNA gyrase and Topoisomerase IV
Plasmids, bacteriophages and viruses undergo what type of replication? - Answers Rolling circle
replication
Rolling Circle Replication - Answers begins with a nicked strand of DNA at the origin site. DNA pol III then
binds to the 3' of the nicked strand and begins unidirectionally replicating the un-nicked strand.
What is the product at the completed of rolling strand replication? - Answers at the sight of the original
nick there is a full displacement of the nicked strand which may re-circularize into single-stranded DNA.
Does the product of rolling strand replication ever return to dsDNA? - Answers yes, RNA primase creates
a primer to begin replication at the origin site of the single strand. Creating a dsDNA circular genome.
RNA Transcript - Answers A strand of RNA encoded with the DNA sequence of one or more genes.
Transcription bubble - Answers the region of locally unwound DNA that allows for transcription of mRNA
Anti-sense Strand - Answers The DNA strand that becomes the template for RNA
Sense strand - Answers The non template DNA strand which is complimentary to the RNA product
What enzyme does bacteria use to transcribe all their genes? - Answers RNA polymerase
RNA Polymerase - Answers comprises of 6 polypeptide subunits, 5 of which are responsible for adding
RNA nucleotides to the growing strand.
What does the 6th subunit of RNA polymerase do? - Answers It is know as the sigma factor that enables
RNA to bind to a specific promoter allowing transcription of various genes.
What three things does RNA transcription involve? - Answers Initiation, Elongation, and Termination
Where does RNA transcription begin? - Answers At the promoter region
How Does RNA elongation begin? - Answers It begins when the sigma subunit separates from RNA
polymerase allowing the enzyme to synthesize the complimentary strand at 40 nucleotides per second
What happens at the termination of RNA transcription? - Answers Bacterial polymerase liberates the
newly transcribed RNA. The DNA template has a sequence with termination signals
Translation of mRNA - Answers Changes nucleotide language into amino acid language
Ho many commonly occuring amino acids exist? - Answers 20
Codon - Answers a triplet of nucleotides within the mRNA that codes of an amino acid
Transcription - Answers synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template
Translation - Answers Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced
semiconservative model - Answers the two strands of the parental molecule separate, and each
functions as a template for synthesis of a new, complementary strand
E.coli's entire chromosome can be replicated in - Answers 42 minutes
The DNA replication process requires - Answers Energy, Enzymes, and proteins
DNA pol I - Answers removes RNA primer and replaces with newly synthesized DNA
DNA Pol III - Answers Main enzyme that adds nucleotides in the 5' - 3' direction
Helicase - Answers Opens the DNA helix by breaking hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous bases
Ligase - Answers Seals the gaps between the Okazaki fragments to create one continuous DNA strand
Primase - Answers Synthesizes RNA primers needed to start replication
Single-stranded Binding Proteins - Answers bind to and stabilize single-stranded DNA to prevent
hydrogen bonding from rewinding back.
Sliding Clamp - Answers Helps to hold the DNA polymerase in place when nucleotides are being added.
Topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) - Answers helps relieve the stress on DNA when unwinding, by causing
breaks and then resealing the DNA.
Where does DNA replication begin? - Answers origin of replication
Replication Fork - Answers DNA opens up to this Y shaped structure
DNA Pol III can only add nucleotides in which direction - Answers 5' to 3' direction. It requires a free e' -
OH group
On which strand is RNA primer used on - Answers The lagging strand
How many nucleotides can be added in a second - Answers 1000
What enzyme removes the RNA primers and replaces it with newly synthesized DNA? - Answers DNA Pol
I
Which enzyme is used to bind DNA fragments together? - Answers DNA ligase
Termination - Answers Following replication in prokaryotes the circular genomes are interlocked and
must be separated from one another.
, What enzyme produces a break in double stranded DNA to separate genomes after prokaryotic
replication? - Answers topoisomerase IV
Quinolones - Answers An antimicrobial drug that targets bacterial DNA gyrase and Topoisomerase IV
Plasmids, bacteriophages and viruses undergo what type of replication? - Answers Rolling circle
replication
Rolling Circle Replication - Answers begins with a nicked strand of DNA at the origin site. DNA pol III then
binds to the 3' of the nicked strand and begins unidirectionally replicating the un-nicked strand.
What is the product at the completed of rolling strand replication? - Answers at the sight of the original
nick there is a full displacement of the nicked strand which may re-circularize into single-stranded DNA.
Does the product of rolling strand replication ever return to dsDNA? - Answers yes, RNA primase creates
a primer to begin replication at the origin site of the single strand. Creating a dsDNA circular genome.
RNA Transcript - Answers A strand of RNA encoded with the DNA sequence of one or more genes.
Transcription bubble - Answers the region of locally unwound DNA that allows for transcription of mRNA
Anti-sense Strand - Answers The DNA strand that becomes the template for RNA
Sense strand - Answers The non template DNA strand which is complimentary to the RNA product
What enzyme does bacteria use to transcribe all their genes? - Answers RNA polymerase
RNA Polymerase - Answers comprises of 6 polypeptide subunits, 5 of which are responsible for adding
RNA nucleotides to the growing strand.
What does the 6th subunit of RNA polymerase do? - Answers It is know as the sigma factor that enables
RNA to bind to a specific promoter allowing transcription of various genes.
What three things does RNA transcription involve? - Answers Initiation, Elongation, and Termination
Where does RNA transcription begin? - Answers At the promoter region
How Does RNA elongation begin? - Answers It begins when the sigma subunit separates from RNA
polymerase allowing the enzyme to synthesize the complimentary strand at 40 nucleotides per second
What happens at the termination of RNA transcription? - Answers Bacterial polymerase liberates the
newly transcribed RNA. The DNA template has a sequence with termination signals
Translation of mRNA - Answers Changes nucleotide language into amino acid language
Ho many commonly occuring amino acids exist? - Answers 20
Codon - Answers a triplet of nucleotides within the mRNA that codes of an amino acid
