Openstax Microbiology - Chapter 8 Microbial Metabolism Latest Update 2025 Questions Fully Solved
metabolism - Answers the combination of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or
breaks down materials
exergonic reaction - Answers A spontaneous chemical reaction in which there is a net release of free
energy.
endergonic reaction - Answers A non-spontaneous chemical reaction in which free energy is absorbed
from the surroundings.
anabolism - Answers Metabolic pathways that construct molecules, requiring energy.
catabolism - Answers Metabolic pathways that break down molecules, releasing energy.
autotrophs - Answers Organisms that make their own food
heterotrophs - Answers An organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or
their by-products.
phototrophs - Answers obtain energy from light
chemotrophs - Answers obtain energy from chemicals
organotrophs - Answers obtain electrons from organic compounds
lithotrophs - Answers use inorganic molecules as a source of electrons
Oxidation-reaction (redox) - Answers a type of paired reaction in living systems in which electrons lost
from one atom are gained by another atom
redox reaction - Answers A chemical reaction involving the transfer of one or more electrons from one
reactant to another; also called oxidation-reduction reaction.
reduction reactions - Answers reactions in which a molecule acquires electrons and gains energy
Chemoheterotrophs - Answers An organism that must consume organic molecules for both energy and
carbon.
Chemoautotrophs - Answers Organisms that use hydrogen sulfide or other chemicals as energy source
instead of light.
Photoautotrophs - Answers Organisms that use light as a source of energy to synthesize organic
substances.
Photoheterotrophs - Answers An organism that uses light to generate ATP but that must obtain carbon
in organic form.
, electron carriers - Answers proteins arranged in chains on the membrane to allow the transfer of
electrons from one carrier to another.
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) - Answers An energy carrier that accepts electrons and feeds
them into the electron transport chain
nicotine adenine dinucleotide phosphate - Answers NADP+ to NADPH
flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) - Answers An energy carrier that accepts electrons and feeds them
into the electron transport chain
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) - Answers one of the principal chemical compounds that living things use
to store and release energy
adenosine monophosphate (AMP) - Answers a low-energy compound that results from the removal of
two phosphate groups from ATP
Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) - Answers A high-energy compound occurring in all cells from which
adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is formed.
high-energy phosphate bonds - Answers The high energy phosphate bonds in the compound adenosine
triphosphate (ATP) are the major energy source for carrying out body functions
Inorganic Phosphate (Pi) - Answers the phosphate used during the transfer of energy from organic
molecules when ATP is formed from ADP
pyrophosphate (PPi) - Answers [phosphorous-containing compounds] P2O7-4; released during
formation of phosphodiester bonds in DNA; unstable in aqueous solution and is hydrolyzed to form 2
molecules of Pi
catalyst - Answers substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction
enzymes - Answers Catalysts for chemical reactions in living things
activation energy - Answers Energy needed to get a reaction started
substrate - Answers reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction
active site - Answers The part of an enzyme or antibody where the chemical reaction occurs.
cofactors - Answers nonprotein enzyme helpers
coenzymes - Answers organic cofactors
apoenzyme - Answers protein portion of an enzyme
holoenzyme - Answers apoenzyme + cofactor
metabolism - Answers the combination of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or
breaks down materials
exergonic reaction - Answers A spontaneous chemical reaction in which there is a net release of free
energy.
endergonic reaction - Answers A non-spontaneous chemical reaction in which free energy is absorbed
from the surroundings.
anabolism - Answers Metabolic pathways that construct molecules, requiring energy.
catabolism - Answers Metabolic pathways that break down molecules, releasing energy.
autotrophs - Answers Organisms that make their own food
heterotrophs - Answers An organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or
their by-products.
phototrophs - Answers obtain energy from light
chemotrophs - Answers obtain energy from chemicals
organotrophs - Answers obtain electrons from organic compounds
lithotrophs - Answers use inorganic molecules as a source of electrons
Oxidation-reaction (redox) - Answers a type of paired reaction in living systems in which electrons lost
from one atom are gained by another atom
redox reaction - Answers A chemical reaction involving the transfer of one or more electrons from one
reactant to another; also called oxidation-reduction reaction.
reduction reactions - Answers reactions in which a molecule acquires electrons and gains energy
Chemoheterotrophs - Answers An organism that must consume organic molecules for both energy and
carbon.
Chemoautotrophs - Answers Organisms that use hydrogen sulfide or other chemicals as energy source
instead of light.
Photoautotrophs - Answers Organisms that use light as a source of energy to synthesize organic
substances.
Photoheterotrophs - Answers An organism that uses light to generate ATP but that must obtain carbon
in organic form.
, electron carriers - Answers proteins arranged in chains on the membrane to allow the transfer of
electrons from one carrier to another.
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) - Answers An energy carrier that accepts electrons and feeds
them into the electron transport chain
nicotine adenine dinucleotide phosphate - Answers NADP+ to NADPH
flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) - Answers An energy carrier that accepts electrons and feeds them
into the electron transport chain
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) - Answers one of the principal chemical compounds that living things use
to store and release energy
adenosine monophosphate (AMP) - Answers a low-energy compound that results from the removal of
two phosphate groups from ATP
Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) - Answers A high-energy compound occurring in all cells from which
adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is formed.
high-energy phosphate bonds - Answers The high energy phosphate bonds in the compound adenosine
triphosphate (ATP) are the major energy source for carrying out body functions
Inorganic Phosphate (Pi) - Answers the phosphate used during the transfer of energy from organic
molecules when ATP is formed from ADP
pyrophosphate (PPi) - Answers [phosphorous-containing compounds] P2O7-4; released during
formation of phosphodiester bonds in DNA; unstable in aqueous solution and is hydrolyzed to form 2
molecules of Pi
catalyst - Answers substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction
enzymes - Answers Catalysts for chemical reactions in living things
activation energy - Answers Energy needed to get a reaction started
substrate - Answers reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction
active site - Answers The part of an enzyme or antibody where the chemical reaction occurs.
cofactors - Answers nonprotein enzyme helpers
coenzymes - Answers organic cofactors
apoenzyme - Answers protein portion of an enzyme
holoenzyme - Answers apoenzyme + cofactor
