NUR2063 Pathophysiology Rasmussen EXAM 1 Questions & Answers

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) - ANSWERS"Tap water" - causes kidneys to reabsorb plain water and dilutes blood and other body fluids. Released from pituitary gland. Antimicrobial Resistance - ANSWERSSusceptible strains die, resistant strains emerge following exposure to antibiotics, creating a drug-resistant infection. Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema) - ANSWERSAllergic skin response. Most common in children; usually improves with age Lesions pruritic (itching), oozing, crusting, coalescent papule; thickening of the skin or lichenification occurs. Atopy: "genetic component". Basophils - ANSWERSContain histamines, mediate type 1 allergic reactions, initiate inflammation. Bone Marrow - ANSWERSPrimary functions: Hematopoiesis (formation of blood cells) Produce erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells) and platelets Cachexia - ANSWERSRefers to an overall weight loss and generalized weakness. Loss of appetite. Increased metabolic rate. Nausea/vomiting. Calcium - ANSWERS9-11mg/dL; Basic Function: Bones/Muscle Excitation Cancer Risk Factors - ANSWERSTobacco use Nutrition Obesity Sun exposure (skin cancer) Sexual exposure to HPV (cervical cancer) Cervical Cancer - ANSWERSCaused by HPV. Pap-smear screening starts at 21 years old. Compartment Syndrome - ANSWERSDangerous complication of soft-tissue injury. Swelling in a confined space that produces dangerous pressure. May cut off blood flow or damage sensitive tissue. Complications of Fractures - ANSWERSDelayed union: •Anywhere from 3 to 6 months after the fracture, bone pain and tenderness are continuously increasing beyond the expected healing period. Malunion: •Improper alignment of fracture fragments Nonunion: •Not healed by 6 months after a fracture Osteonecrosis (avascular necrosis), osteomyelitis, and neurovascular injury may also occur. Compartment Syndrome Fat Emboli Syndrome Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism Cortisol - ANSWERSSteroid (glucocorticoid) that is used for production of glucose for energy. Can cause immunosuppression. Dendritic Cells - ANSWERSCapture and present antigens. Edema - ANSWERSExcess fluid in the interstitial compartment. May arise from increased capillary hydrostatic pressure, increased interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure, blockage of lymphatic drainage, or decreased capillary colloid osmotic pressure. Endorphins - ANSWERSRaise the pain threshold (reduce pain) and produce sedation and euphoria. Fluid Volume Excess - ANSWERSCaused by addition or retention of saline. Signs & Symptoms: sudden weight gain, edema swelling, circulatory overload, crackling in lungs, high blood pressure. Fourth Degree Burn - ANSWERSFull thickness with bone or muscle involvement. General Adaptation Syndrome Stage 1 - ANSWERSALARM - occurs when body first becomes aware of the stressor ("fight or flight"). General Adaptation Syndrome Stage 2 - ANSWERSRESISTANCE (ADAPTATION) - growth and repair of organism after stress abates. General Adaptation Syndrome Stage 3 - ANSWERSEXHAUSTION - Body is no longer able to return to homeostasis after prolonged exposure to stressors. Glucocorticoids - ANSWERSSteroid hormones that are released from the adrenal cortex in response to stressors. Glycolysis - ANSWERSImportant provider of ATP under anaerobic conditions because oxygen is not required or available, which may accompany respiratory and cardiac disorders. Gout - ANSWERSPain and inflammation occur when too much uric acid crystallizes and deposits in the joints. Symptoms include severe pain, redness, and swelling in joints, often the big toe. Attacks can come suddenly, often at night. Risk increases with age. Hemorrhagic Exudate - ANSWERSContains large amount of red blood cells. Herniated Disk - ANSWERSInert soft tissue injury Irritation or entrapment of a nerve causes pain that radiates along the structures innervated by that nerve Herpes Zoster - ANSWERSShingles. Results from reactivation of the latent virus. Symptoms disappear during latent stage. Eruption of painful vesicles with erythematous bases typically unilateral; paresthesia's. Treatment: antiviral drugs, vaccine, burrow compresses. Histamine - ANSWERSA compound that is released by cells in response to allergic and inflammatory reactions, causing contraction of smooth muscle and dilation of capillaries. Most important mediator for type 1 hypersensitivity. Homeostasis - ANSWERSState of being in which all systems are in balance. Maintaining internal conditions in a stable state by keeping things relatively the same. Hypercalcemia - ANSWERS"Neuromuscular" ,Decreased neuromuscular excitability, Constipation, Fatigue, Confusion, Lethargy, Causes: Hyperparathyroidism Hyperkalemia - ANSWERSHypotension, Bradycardia (Slower heart rate), Diarrhea Hyperactive bowel sounds, Paralysis in extremities, Increased DTR, Profound muscle weakness, Causes: Diabetic ketoacidosis Chronic kidney disease Hypermagnesemia - ANSWERS"Calm & Quiet" Decreased DTR, Lethargy, Hypotension, Respiratory depression, Bradycardia, Cardiac arrest, Causes: Excessive intake of laxatives & antacids Hypernatremia - ANSWERSRed, rosy skin, Edema, Low grade Fever, Polydipsia (excess thirst), Late & Serious Signs: Swollen, dry tongue Nausea & vomiting, Increased muscle tone Hyperphosphatemia - ANSWERSInverse relationship with Ca, Trosseau sign, Chvostek sign, Diarrhea Weak B's (bones, blood clotting, heart beat) Increased neuromuscular excitability, Causes: Oliguric renal disease Hypocalcemia - ANSWERS"Neuromuscular" Tetany (muscle twitching) Trosseau sign, Chvostek sign, Bradycardia Hypokalemia - ANSWERS"Low and Slow" ,Altered function of muscles, Hyperpolarization (cell excitability) leads to less reactive stimuli, Abdominal distension, Diminished bowel sounds, Paralytic ileus, Causes: Aldosterone increases potassium excretion in urine Hypomagnesemia - ANSWERS"Buck Wild!", Increased neuromuscular excitability, Insomnia, Tetany, Increased DTR, Diarrhea, Causes: Chronic alcoholism May cause hypokalemia or hypocalcemia